"Until we get up again to fight": Education rights and participation in South Africa

We examine the impact of school violence on immigrant populations internationally. To do so we apply three-level models to 2007 TIMSS data to investigate the extent to which immigrant students are affected by school violence, and whether school- and educational-system levels of immigration and violence are related to achievement. We find that, despite some variability across education systems around the world, a persistent pattern emerged: immigrant students are differentially affected by violence. School climate is associated with immigrants' outcomes in most educational systems. We discuss policy-relevant implications for academic achievement in an increasingly globalized world.