Unprepared for work: Preliminary analyses of ad hoc bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers at Klasies River main site, South Africa

The Howiesons Poort technocomplex is known for innovative developments in backed geometric stone tools, ochre and shifts in foraging behaviour, and the possible early use of the bow and arrow. Bone tools and ornaments have been found at a handful of sites from this period. Despite its relative rarity, worked bone has played an important role in discussions around the development of cognitive complexity in humans. Scholars have, however, tended to emphasize formally made bone tools at the expense of informal, expedient or ad hoc bone tools in these assemblages. Here, we present the results of a technological and usewear analysis undertaken on a sample of bone specimens from the Deacon excavations of the Howiesons Poort layers at Klasies River main site. Our aim was to identify ad hoc tools and fragmented pieces of worked bone missed during initial excavations and sorting. Twelve pieces of worked bone were identified, presenting manufacturing wear and ad hoc use. A range of different activities is implicated, with worked bone used on hard and soft surfaces consistent with leather, skin and plant contact. This is the first recognised evidence of informal bone modification at this site and adds to our understanding of bone technology during the Howiesons Poort.