The state of wastewater treatment plants and how it is affecting the effluent discharge quality within the water bodies of Gauteng

A crucial component of both environmental sustainability and human welfare is water quality. The demand for freshwater resources has significantly increased due to growing urbanization and industrialization, which has resulted in the production of enormous amounts of wastewater. Wastewater is the water-carried waste that is removed from formal and informal residences, institutions, commercial, and industrial establishments, together with the groundwater, surface water, stormwater, and potable water as may be present. The primary objective of collection and wastewater treatment is to ensure that the effluent discharged to the environment does not pose serious threats to both human health and environment. There is an increasing concern of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to perform against the required standards and expectations. The majority of WWTPs fail to meet at least three or more of the respective effluent discharge standards. Their performance infrastructure: challenges such as ageing infrastructure; historical low base budget allocation for repairs, operations, and maintenance; 'catch-up' mode to ensure optimal operation and maintenance planning with regards to the installation of new infrastructure and technologies; under investment in sewer collection and sludge handling infrastructure; low skill base to manage, operate, and maintain the specialized nature of wastewater services; meeting the demand of rapidly increasing housing developments; and inadequate design or technology decisions for the specific municipal environment. The effectiveness of WWTPs in improving water quality is evidenced by the removal of contaminants such as suspended solids, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and pathogens. Their successful operation leads to reduced eutrophication, decreased waterborne diseases, and the protection of aquatic biodiversity. Moreover, treated wastewater can be safely discharged into natural water bodies or reused for various purposes, including irrigation, industrial processes, and even potable water supply in water-stressed regions. The above paragraph serves as an overview on how WWTPs play a crucial role in safeguarding water quality and promoting sustainable water management practices. As global populations continue to grow, and environmental challenges become increasingly complex, the development and implementation of innovative technologies and sustainable practices in WWTPs are paramount. These efforts not only contribute to cleaner water but also align with broader goals of environmental conservation and public health protection.