Synthesis of Ester-Linked Ursolic Acid-Based Hybrid Compounds: Potential Antibacterial and Anticancer Agents

The molecular hybridization of two or more drugs into a single molecule is an effective drug design approach to reduce pill burden and improve patient treatment adherence. Ursolic acid-based hybrid compounds were synthesized and characterized followed by molecular docking studies. In vitro studies against various bacterial strains and human cancer cells (MDA-MB-231, HeLa, and MCF-7) were performed. Compounds 14–19, 21, 34, 31, and 30 demonstrated significant antibacterial activities with MIC values of 15.625 μg/ml. Compounds 29 and 34 were more cytotoxic than ursolic acid, with IC₅₀ values of 46.99 and 48.18 μg/ml. Compounds 29 and 34 in the docking studies presented favourable binding interactions and better docking energy against the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) than the parent compound, ursolic acid. The findings revealed that the ursolic acid scaffold is a promising precursor for the development of molecules with promising anticancer and antimicrobial activities. However, more studies are needed to fully understand their mode of action.