Synthesis and Preparation of Nanoparticles by Biotic Materials (Including Plants and Microorganisms)

Nanoparticles have garnered significant attention due to their unique physicochemical properties, making them useful in various fields such as environmental remediation, medicine, and food technology. Nevertheless, the conventional approach used for the synthesis of nanoparticles typically requires the use of hazardous chemicals and high energy input, which has raised several sustainability concerns. As a result, the synthetic approach involving the use of biotic materials like plants and microorganisms has emerged as an eco-friendly option. This chapter explores the synthesis of various types of nanoparticles using biological entities like plant extracts, bacteria, fungi, and algae in nanoparticle formation, while also highlighting the role of biomolecules such as enzymes, proteins, and polysaccharides in the reduction and stabilization processes. Furthermore, factors influencing nanoparticle characteristics, including precursor concentration, pH, temperature, and reaction time, are discussed, along with optimization strategies for achieving uniform size and shape. Finally, the currently used and available characterization techniques, such as UV-Visible spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, are reviewed to examine the nanoparticles’ morphology, stability, and functionality.