Surface modification techniques and interactions between carbon nanotubes and modifiers

The unique electrical, mechanical, structural, and adsorptive properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have led to significant interest in their potential applications. However, the effective deployment and expansion of CNT applications face substantial obstacles due to the difficulties in achieving stable dispersions. In recent years, research has focused on the effective surface modification of CNTs, resulting in the development of various innovative hybrid materials tailored for specific applications. This advancement has been vital in addressing these challenges and enhancing the range of CNT applications. The diverse surface chemistry of CNTs enables numerous improvements, including enhanced performance, surface-to-volume ratios, dispersibility, sorption capabilities, and selectivity. This chapter delves into the chemical functionalization of carbon nanotubes and the subsequent surface modifications, which encompass a variety of modifiers, such as organic compounds (like oxygen functional groups, polymers, small organic molecules, proteins, and DNA), inorganic materials (including metal oxides and metal nanoparticles), and organic-inorganic hybrids. In addition, it discusses significant challenges that require in-depth investigation, particularly in relation to the characterization of CNT dispersions and surface modifications. The aim of this study is to guide readers in identifying potential functionalization shortcomings in CNTs that may need to be addressed.