Stakeholder Roles and Views in the Implementation of the Differentiated HIV Treatment Service Delivery Model Among Female Sex Workers in Gauteng Province, South Africa

Background: Key populations (KPs), particularly female sex workers (FSWs), continue to face significant barriers in accessing HIV-related healthcare services in South Africa. Structural challenges have historically hindered equitable HIV treatment access, worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic. Overburdened clinics, staff shortages, and travel constraints disrupted HIV services and ART adherence. In response, the Differentiated Service Delivery (DSD) model was rapidly scaled up to decentralise care and improve treatment continuity. Objective: To solicit the views of stakeholders regarding their interests, roles and experiences in the implementation of the HIV treatment DSD model among FSWs in South Africa, as well as associated successes and barriers thereof. Methods: We purposively selected and interviewed eight stakeholders, comprising government officials, implementers and sex workers’ advocacy organizations. Thematic analysis was used to explore the perceived impact of DSD models and associated successes and barriers in the current service delivery landscape. Results: The study found that decentralization of DSD models improved access to services for FSWs. However, the criminalization of sex work perpetuates fear and marginalization, while stigma and discrimination within healthcare settings remain significant deterrents to HIV treatment uptake. High mobility among FSWs also disrupts continuity of care, contributing to treatment interruptions and lack of data on loss to follow-up. Participants highlighted the need for legal reform, increased healthcare provider sensitization, and the integration of mental health and psychosocial support in HIV services. Peer-led interventions and digital health innovations, such as biometric systems and electronic medical records, emerged as promising strategies for enhancing patient tracking and retention. Nonetheless, the sustainability of DSD models is threatened by an overreliance on external donor funding and insufficient government ownership. Conclusions: To achieve equitable healthcare access and improved HIV outcomes for KPs, especially FSWs, a multi-pronged, rights-based approach is essential. This must include community engagement, structural and legal reforms, integrated support services, and sustainable financing mechanisms to ensure the long-term impact and scalability of DSD models.