Stability and Thermophysical Properties of GNP-Fe₂O₃ Hybrid Nanofluid: Effect of Volume Fraction and Temperature

The study focused on the impact of concentration and temperature on the electrical conductivity, viscosity, and thermal conductivity of GNP/Fe₂O₃ hybrid nanofluids. The study found that nanofluids have better electrical conductivity, viscosity, and thermal conductivity than water. The electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity increase linearly with concentration for a constant temperature. However, the nanofluid’s viscosity increases with the addition of the hybrid nanoparticles and decreases as the temperature increases. Furthermore, the study shows that the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid is enhanced with increased addition of hybrid nanoparticles in the base fluid and that the thermal conductivity ratio increases with increased addition of nanoparticles. Overall, the results suggest that GNP/Fe₂O₃ hybrid nanofluids could be used in various industrial applications to improve the heat transfer and energy efficiency of systems.