Sol–Gel Synthesis of Mn₂O₃–WO₃ Nanocomposites for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Mixed Parabens

Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) are emerging environmental contaminants because of their potential and persistent adverse impacts on human and animal health. This study aims to synthesize WO₃ and Mn₂O₃–WO₃ nanocomposites using the sol–gel method as potential degraders of mixed parabens. When exposed to visible light, these nanocomposites show enhanced photocatalytic efficiency for the removal of mixed parabens, such as methylparaben and propylparaben. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of the nanocomposites revealed that the ovoid-like WO₃ and rod-like Mn₂O₃ structures are responsible for increased photocatalytic activity. Decarboxylation, dealkylation, hydroxyl radicals, and hydroxylation played a significant role in the photodegradation process. The results revealed that the rates of removal of methylparaben and propylparaben mediated by Mn₂O₃–WO₃ nanocomposite photocatalyst under visible light amounted to 72% and 85%, respectively. The findings of the study demonstrated the potential of Mn₂O₃–WO₃ nanocomposites as an alternative technique for removing organic contaminants from water; hence, offering a practical remedy for water contamination caused by parabens and other similar pollutants.