Raman spectroscopy: an introduction, instrumentation, and its applications in polymer composites and nanocomposites

Raman spectroscopy, a nondestructive technique based on molecular vibrations, offers insights into molecular structures and interactions through the inelastic scattering of monochromatic light. This method facilitates the identification of chemicals by using unique molecular fingerprints. The ability of this technique to analyze samples in situ, in any form, is very advantageous. Over the years, improvements have been made in the sensitivity and resolution of Raman spectroscopy in instrumentation and data analysis, which has broadened its range of applications in chemistry, biology, and materials research. Raman spectroscopy has become a vital tool for applied research and basic sciences. In the area of composites and nanocomposites, it offers tremendous possibilities, such as material identification, phase separation, and defect analysis, reinforcement agent characterization, stress and strain analysis, crystallinity and orientation, and micromechanical deformation.