Planning in a post-apartheid city and the complexities of participatory planning and governance: A case study of Windhoek, Namibia

Cities in the Global South continue to face complex planning and governance challenges, often exacerbated by outdated planning instruments that fail to respond to rapid urbanisation. This disconnect has led to growing dissatisfaction among urban residents in low-income areas, who increasingly demand inclusion in neighbourhood-level planning. At independence in 1990, Windhoek (Namibia) inherited a planning system designed primarily for the White minority elite, entrenching racial and economic divisions in urban development. Existing literature highlights that the continued, uncritical use of this legacy planning system has contributed to the exclusion of a vast majority of residents from formal planning processes. This article investigates the extent to which Windhoek’s residents are included in the planning of their neighbourhoods and explores how participatory approaches could address historical exclusion. A case study design was employed, using mixed methods: a questionnaire-based survey of 150 residents across three neighbourhoods (representing low-, middle-, and ultra-low-income areas), and semi-structured interviews with 20 urban planning professionals. Findings reveal a widespread perception among residents that current participatory mechanisms are insufficient, with many feeling inadequately consulted. Urban planners similarly acknowledged the need to build residents’ capacity to meaningfully contribute to planning processes. Based on these insights, the article proposes a participatory planning framework that seeks to bridge the divide between communities and planning authorities. This framework advocates for the integration of residents’ perspectives with the technical expertise of planners, aiming to support inclusive and responsive urban planning practices in Windhoek and similar urban contexts.