Pharmacological and Biological Efficacy of Chitosan-Based Materials

Chitosan (CS) is a biodegradable and biocompatible polysaccharide, obtained by the deacetylation of chitin. It has gained significant attention as a versatile material for biomedical applications due to its mucoadhesive properties, ease of chemical modification and intrinsic pharmacological activities. This review synthesizes two decades (2005–2025) of literature, focusing on chemical modifications of chitosan for pharmacological purposes and their therapeutic implications in non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and wound healing. Evidence highlights the roles of chitosan-based materials in anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and neuroprotective activities, alongside their integration in advanced wound healing strategies. Clinical trials have demonstrated the translational potential of chitosan-based materials. In general, chitosan-based materials exhibit promising dual functions as bioactive agents and drug carriers, necessitating additional investigation in clinical and regulatory frameworks to accelerate therapeutic adoption. In contrast to other studies, this study offers a mechanistic and integrative viewpoint that links chitosan’s chemical modification techniques with their pharmacological effects and clinical translation potential, providing novel perspectives on structure–activity correlations and therapeutic design.