Performance evaluation of three charcoal stoves

Globally, introduction of alternative basic energy has proven to reduce the burden of household air pollution. In South Africa, charcoal present a viable energy resource in the peri urban areas. However, burning of charcoal in inefficient stoves leads to excessive release of harmful pollutants. Few studies have been conducted to investigate the burning of charcoal more cleanly and efficiently, hence the development of this study. This study set out to evaluate emissions and thermal performance of three improved charcoal stoves (Zambian, Kenyan Jiko and Madagascar charcoal stoves) that might be applicable for the South African market. In order to replicate real world use, a culturally appropriate burn sequence was developed prior to stove evaluation. The hood method was used to collect gaseous and particulate emissions. Stoves were rated in terms of the IWA rating matrix, and CSI metrics, and for CO emissions in terms of the South African standard for indoor combustion (SANS 1906: 2009). Results presented indicated the COEF in the range of 4.3-5.4 g/MJ, PMEF 5.2-7.5 mg/MJ while firepower was found to be between 3.1-7.3 kW. All three stoves rated as IWA Tier 4. The CO/CO2 ratios were found to be in the range of 7.5-9.6%, indicating that these stoves will not be suitable for indoor use in terms of the South African National Standard. Using the CSI rating method, the Zambian charcoal stove failed in terms of the firepower, while the Kenyan Jiko and Madagascar charcoal stoves passed, with average firepower between 3 and 5 kW.