Optimization study on the conversion of restaurant waste oil to fatty acid methyl esters using a modified catalyst derived from banana peel

@The accumulation of restaurant waste oil (RWO) and banana peels presents significant environmental challenges, necessitating innovative approaches for their sustainable management and utilization. This study investigates the production of biodiesel from RWO using a novel heterogeneous catalyst derived from banana peels, aligning with the principles of a circular economy. The catalyst was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Analysis (SEM-EDX). The transesterification process was optimized using the Taguchi design approach, evaluating the effects of reaction time, temperature, methanol-to-oil ratio, and catalyst concentration. Optimal conditions yielded a remarkable biodiesel yield of 99.8 % at 35°C, 80 min, 2.5 wt% catalyst, and a 12:1 methanol-to-oil ratio. A predicted yield of 98.2 % was obtained at a 9:1 methanol-to-oil ratio, 3.5 wt% catalyst, 80 min, and 35°C. The produced biodiesel met American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards, demonstrating its potential as a sustainable fuel alternative. This approach not only mitigates environmental pollution but also supports the production of sustainable energy. Future research should focus on modifying banana peel catalysts, such as varying calcination temperatures and incorporating different metal oxides, to enhance catalytic activity and stability, further advancing the viability of waste-derived biodiesel production.