Networks of Exchange

The central characteristic of the persistent entrepreneurial inclination of merchants, tradesmen, middlemen and politicians before effective colonisation is outlined in the constantly changing relationships of trade. Verhoef identifies the dynamic interplay between political power and business as a golden thread through the history of Africa. Individualism in business is subject to networks of religion, kin or culture, signifying the underlying undemocratic authoritarian nature of exchange. The organisation of managerial functions did not monopolise exchange, but enhanced wider entrepreneurial opportunity. Verhoef not only offers original case studies to substantiate the kinship/business connection since pre-colonial times but also observes the pursuit of profit irrespective of the commodity exchanged.