Nature and strength of group-14 A-A′ bonds

We have quantum chemically investigated the nature and stability of C-C and Si-Si bonds in R₃A-AR₃ (A = C, Si; R₃ = H₃, Me₃, Me₂Ph, MePh₂, Ph₃, t-Bu₃) using density functional theory (DFT). Systematic increase of steric bulk of the substituents R has opposite effects on C-C and Si-Si bonds: the former becomes weaker whereas the latter becomes stronger. Only upon going further, from R = Ph to the bulkiest R = t-Bu, the R₃Si-SiR₃ bond begins to weaken. Our bonding analyses show how different behavior upon increasing the steric bulk of the substituents stems from the interplay of (Pauli) repulsive and (dispersion) attractive steric mechanisms. Extension of our analyses to other model systems shows that C-Si bonds display behavior that is in between that of C-C and Si-Si bonds. Further increasing the size of the group-14 atoms from C-C and Si-Si to Ge-Ge, Sn-Sn and Pb-Pb leads to a further decrease in the sensitivity of the bond strength with respect to the substituents' bulkiness. Our findings can be used as design principles for tuning A-A and A-A′ bond strengths.