Nanoparticles in Cancer Theranostics: Focus on Gliomas

Malignant glioma in adults has been known as the most prevalent type of brain tumor that varies in its genetic profile, cellular origin, and morphology in the microscope; however, when combined, they have some of the worst prognoses of any bodily neoplasms. Though there is now no treatment used for malignant glioma, continuous efforts to increase consequences in patients who have these tumors have resulted in relatively little development, in survival. Theranostic agents have been promised because of their ability for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Nanotechnology has completely transformed the field of cancer detection and therapy. Cancer can now be effectively treated by utilizing nanoparticles, which range in size from 1 to 100 nm. These tiny particles have unique benefits, including being compatible with living organisms, causing less toxicity, remaining stable, having increased permeability and retention abilities, and possessing precise targeting abilities. Nanoparticles are divided into distinct categories and are utilized in a specialized drug delivery system that takes advantage of tumor and tumor microenvironment properties. They not only address the limitations of traditional cancer treatment methods but also successfully combat multidrug resistance. Furthermore, scientists continue to explore nanoparticles as new mechanisms of multidrug resistance are uncovered. The various therapeutic applications of nano-formulations have opened up new possibilities for the treatment of cancer. The most important advantage of nanoparticles is accumulation at the tumor site effortlessly because of the big gaps in blood vessels nearby tumors. Theranostic nanoparticles are innovative carriers that deliver both therapeutic and diagnostic agents. This review discusses different types of therapeutic and theranostic nanocarriers that can be used for glioma tumors.