Metal-organic framework membrane for waterborne micro/nanoplastics treatment

Micro/nanoplastics (MPs/NPs) are widespread and pose a significant threat to the environment. Conventional polymeric membrane filtration struggles to completely remove MPs/NPs from water and wastewater. However, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)-based membranes have gained attention due to their potential in tunable hydrophilicity, pore structure, low surface roughness, dual surface charge, compatibility with matrix materials, and resistance to biofouling. This article critically analyzes the factors affecting the performance of MOF membranes in removing MPs/NPs, the interaction mechanism, the limitations of conventional filtration systems, and the potential advantages of MOF membranes. Despite their promising potential, MOF-based membranes also face challenges such as re-aggregation of MOF nanoparticles, cross-contamination during water filtration and poor structural stability. This paper also discusses how to mitigate these problems by incorporating different matrix materials with MOFs. Overall, MOF membranes have a high potential in removing MPs/NPs from water and wastewater.