Lost lizards: The importance of targeted surveys in filling knowledge gaps for reptile conservation in South Africa

Reptiles are the most species-rich tetrapod group, with more than 20 % considered to be of conservation concern. South Africa is home to 402 terrestrial reptile species, over half of which are endemic, with new species regularly described. Although South Africa is relatively well-sampled for reptiles, knowledge gaps still exist. Here, we highlight the importance of species-specific targeted field surveys to improve knowledge on poorly known or seldom recorded species to provide a more accurate assessment of extinction risk. Two study regions were chosen in South Africa (Limpopo province and Western Cape province) where (as of 2018) at least one Extinct (Tetradactylus eastwoodae) and two Data Deficient (Lygodactylus methueni, Nucras aurantiaca) species were last recorded. In Limpopo province, 163 new reptile occurrence records were obtained for 40 species and the Western Cape survey yielded 245 new reptile occurrence records for 34 species. As a result of our surveys, Lygodactylus methueni has been uplisted from Data Deficient to Endangered and, following our rediscovery of Nucras aurantiaca, we motivate for the species to be classified as Endangered according to the Red List criteria. In light of the success of these targeted surveys, we further compile and discuss an inventory of ’lost’ reptile species within South Africa (those not recorded for >10 years). The importance of evaluating Data Deficient species should not be underestimated, as in South Africa they fall outside of protective legislation. This study demonstrates the role targeted surveys can play in filling these knowledge gaps, how they help to inform land-use decision making and ultimately enhance the conservation status of reptiles.