In vitro, ex vivo, and in silico studies of phytochemicals from the stem bark of Bischofia javanica

Erick Okoth Awas; Jacob O. Midiwo; Leonidah Kerubo Omosa; Solomon Derese; Ivan Kiganda; Ruth A. Omole; Hosea M. Akala; Douglas O. Ochora; Vincent Adeiza Obakachi; Samuel Olalekan; Krishna Kuben Govender; Vaderament A. Nchiozem-Ngnitedem

doi:10.1080/14786419.2025.2521380

In vitro, ex vivo, and in silico studies of phytochemicals from the stem bark of Bischofia javanica

Erick Okoth Awas, Jacob O. Midiwo, Leonidah Kerubo Omosa, Solomon Derese, Ivan Kiganda, Ruth A. Omole, Hosea M. Akala, Douglas O. Ochora, Vincent Adeiza Obakachi, Samuel Olalekan, Krishna Kuben Govender, Vaderament A. Nchiozem-Ngnitedem

Chemical Sciences

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

The stem bark extract of Bischofia javanica, used in traditional Kenyan medicine afforded nine compounds named, santin (1), ermanin (2), rhamnocitrin (3), kumatakenin (4), abyssinone V-4′-methyl ether (5), β-sitosterol (6), betulinic acid (7), friedelin (8) and 1-methyl-1,10-phenanthrolin-1-ium (9). Structural elucidation was performed based on spectroscopic and spectrometric analyses, and the data were compared with those reported in the literature. The natural origin of 1-methyl-1,10-phenanthrolin-1-ium (9) in the plant kingdom is reported here for the first time. Ermanin (2) showed selective in vitro antiplasmodial activity with IC₅₀ = 0.05 μM, while 1-methyl-1,10-phenanthrolinium (9) exhibited potent antiplasmodial activity with IC₅₀ values of 1.56 μM (in vitro), and 1.20 μM (ex vivo). Furthermore, molecular docking studies revealed that 1-methyl-1,10-phenanthrolinium (9) could be considered a potential lead compound for future antimalarial drugs.

Original language	English
Journal	Natural Product Research
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2025.2521380
Publication status	Accepted/In press - 2025

Keywords

1-methyl-1
10-phenanthrolin-1-ium
antiplasmodial
Bischofia javanica
Phyllanthaceae

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Analytical Chemistry
Biochemistry
Plant Science
Organic Chemistry

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1080/14786419.2025.2521380

Cite this

Awas, E. O., Midiwo, J. O., Omosa, L. K., Derese, S., Kiganda, I., Omole, R. A., Akala, H. M., Ochora, D. O., Obakachi, V. A., Olalekan, S., Govender, K. K., & Nchiozem-Ngnitedem, V. A. (Accepted/In press). In vitro, ex vivo, and in silico studies of phytochemicals from the stem bark of Bischofia javanica. Natural Product Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2025.2521380

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title = "In vitro, ex vivo, and in silico studies of phytochemicals from the stem bark of Bischofia javanica",

abstract = "The stem bark extract of Bischofia javanica, used in traditional Kenyan medicine afforded nine compounds named, santin (1), ermanin (2), rhamnocitrin (3), kumatakenin (4), abyssinone V-4′-methyl ether (5), β-sitosterol (6), betulinic acid (7), friedelin (8) and 1-methyl-1,10-phenanthrolin-1-ium (9). Structural elucidation was performed based on spectroscopic and spectrometric analyses, and the data were compared with those reported in the literature. The natural origin of 1-methyl-1,10-phenanthrolin-1-ium (9) in the plant kingdom is reported here for the first time. Ermanin (2) showed selective in vitro antiplasmodial activity with IC50 = 0.05 μM, while 1-methyl-1,10-phenanthrolinium (9) exhibited potent antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values of 1.56 μM (in vitro), and 1.20 μM (ex vivo). Furthermore, molecular docking studies revealed that 1-methyl-1,10-phenanthrolinium (9) could be considered a potential lead compound for future antimalarial drugs.",

keywords = "1-methyl-1, 10-phenanthrolin-1-ium, antiplasmodial, Bischofia javanica, Phyllanthaceae",

author = "Awas, {Erick Okoth} and Midiwo, {Jacob O.} and Omosa, {Leonidah Kerubo} and Solomon Derese and Ivan Kiganda and Omole, {Ruth A.} and Akala, {Hosea M.} and Ochora, {Douglas O.} and Obakachi, {Vincent Adeiza} and Samuel Olalekan and Govender, {Krishna Kuben} and Nchiozem-Ngnitedem, {Vaderament A.}",

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year = "2025",

doi = "10.1080/14786419.2025.2521380",

language = "English",

journal = "Natural Product Research",

issn = "1478-6419",

publisher = "Taylor and Francis Ltd.",

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T1 - In vitro, ex vivo, and in silico studies of phytochemicals from the stem bark of Bischofia javanica

AU - Awas, Erick Okoth

AU - Midiwo, Jacob O.

AU - Omosa, Leonidah Kerubo

AU - Derese, Solomon

AU - Kiganda, Ivan

AU - Omole, Ruth A.

AU - Akala, Hosea M.

AU - Ochora, Douglas O.

AU - Obakachi, Vincent Adeiza

AU - Olalekan, Samuel

AU - Govender, Krishna Kuben

AU - Nchiozem-Ngnitedem, Vaderament A.

PY - 2025

Y1 - 2025

N2 - The stem bark extract of Bischofia javanica, used in traditional Kenyan medicine afforded nine compounds named, santin (1), ermanin (2), rhamnocitrin (3), kumatakenin (4), abyssinone V-4′-methyl ether (5), β-sitosterol (6), betulinic acid (7), friedelin (8) and 1-methyl-1,10-phenanthrolin-1-ium (9). Structural elucidation was performed based on spectroscopic and spectrometric analyses, and the data were compared with those reported in the literature. The natural origin of 1-methyl-1,10-phenanthrolin-1-ium (9) in the plant kingdom is reported here for the first time. Ermanin (2) showed selective in vitro antiplasmodial activity with IC50 = 0.05 μM, while 1-methyl-1,10-phenanthrolinium (9) exhibited potent antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values of 1.56 μM (in vitro), and 1.20 μM (ex vivo). Furthermore, molecular docking studies revealed that 1-methyl-1,10-phenanthrolinium (9) could be considered a potential lead compound for future antimalarial drugs.

AB - The stem bark extract of Bischofia javanica, used in traditional Kenyan medicine afforded nine compounds named, santin (1), ermanin (2), rhamnocitrin (3), kumatakenin (4), abyssinone V-4′-methyl ether (5), β-sitosterol (6), betulinic acid (7), friedelin (8) and 1-methyl-1,10-phenanthrolin-1-ium (9). Structural elucidation was performed based on spectroscopic and spectrometric analyses, and the data were compared with those reported in the literature. The natural origin of 1-methyl-1,10-phenanthrolin-1-ium (9) in the plant kingdom is reported here for the first time. Ermanin (2) showed selective in vitro antiplasmodial activity with IC50 = 0.05 μM, while 1-methyl-1,10-phenanthrolinium (9) exhibited potent antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values of 1.56 μM (in vitro), and 1.20 μM (ex vivo). Furthermore, molecular docking studies revealed that 1-methyl-1,10-phenanthrolinium (9) could be considered a potential lead compound for future antimalarial drugs.

KW - 1-methyl-1

KW - 10-phenanthrolin-1-ium

KW - antiplasmodial

KW - Bischofia javanica

KW - Phyllanthaceae

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U2 - 10.1080/14786419.2025.2521380

DO - 10.1080/14786419.2025.2521380

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:105008288733

SN - 1478-6419

JO - Natural Product Research

JF - Natural Product Research

ER -

In vitro, ex vivo, and in silico studies of phytochemicals from the stem bark of Bischofia javanica

Abstract

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

UN SDGs

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