Improving the description of atmospheric muons in KM3NeT data using the Daemonflux data-driven model

KM3NeT Collaboration

doi:10.22323/1.501.0459

Improving the description of atmospheric muons in KM3NeT data using the Daemonflux data-driven model

KM3NeT Collaboration

Physics

Badji Mokhtar University
University of Florence
National Institute for Nuclear Physics
Université de Strasbourg
Université de Haute-Alsace
Khalifa University of Science and Technology
Aix-Marseille Université
University of Valencia
University of Rome La Sapienza
Polytechnic University of Catalonia
Nantes Université
Polytechnic University of Valencia
Université de Paris
University of Genoa
Université de Caen
North West University
University of Bologna
University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli
University of Hull
Czech Technical University in Prague
Comenius University
National Institute for Subatomic Physics
Mohammed V University in Rabat
University of Salerno
University of Naples Federico II
National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics
University of Amsterdam
Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research
Cadi Ayyad University
University of the Witwatersrand
University of Catania
Princeton University
Université catholique de Louvain
University of Granada
Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
Demokritos National Centre for Scientific Research
Mohamed I University
Western Sydney University
Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research - NIOZ
Leiden University
AGH University of Science and Technology
Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
The University of Georgia, Tbilisi
Institut universitaire de France
Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Sharjah Academy for Astronomy, Space Sciences & Technology
Charles University
Harvard University
Mohammed VI Polytechnic University
Université Montpellier 2

Research output: Contribution to journal › Conference article › peer-review

Abstract

The Cubic Kilometre Neutrino Telescope - KM3NeT - is subject to an intense flux of atmospheric muons, even at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. These atmospheric muons are created by the collisions of cosmic rays with nuclei of the upper atmosphere and their subsequent interactions, and as such, serve as probes of cosmic ray physics. The KM3NeT/ARCA and KM3NeT/ORCA detectors are located offshore Portopalo di Capo Passero, Italy, and Toulon, France, respectively, at corresponding depths of 3.5 km and 2.45 km below sea level. They offer the unique ability to detect atmospheric muons at two different locations and depths, as part of the same research infrastructure. The KM3NeT Collaboration has presented results comparing the flux of atmospheric muons in the detector with CORSIKA simulations, and - by showing an underestimation of the muon data by the simulation - is contributing to the global phenomenon known as the Muon Puzzle. A data-driven model Daemonflux has recently appeared on the scene and shows promise of alleviating this discrepancy. In this study, Daemonflux is incorporated into the atmospheric muon simulation used to describe KM3NeT data, and its impact in doing so is estimated. We also evaluate the impact of the optical properties of the seawater on the agreement between the KM3NeT data and the atmospheric muon simulation.

Original language	English
Article number	459
Journal	Proceedings of Science
Volume	501
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.22323/1.501.0459
Publication status	Published - 30 Dec 2025
Event	39th International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2025 - Geneva, Switzerland Duration: 15 Jul 2025 → 24 Jul 2025

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Multidisciplinary

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10.22323/1.501.0459

Cite this

@article{c22c7a2d87324e3c8667a0415e5734a3,

title = "Improving the description of atmospheric muons in KM3NeT data using the Daemonflux data-driven model",

abstract = "The Cubic Kilometre Neutrino Telescope - KM3NeT - is subject to an intense flux of atmospheric muons, even at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. These atmospheric muons are created by the collisions of cosmic rays with nuclei of the upper atmosphere and their subsequent interactions, and as such, serve as probes of cosmic ray physics. The KM3NeT/ARCA and KM3NeT/ORCA detectors are located offshore Portopalo di Capo Passero, Italy, and Toulon, France, respectively, at corresponding depths of 3.5 km and 2.45 km below sea level. They offer the unique ability to detect atmospheric muons at two different locations and depths, as part of the same research infrastructure. The KM3NeT Collaboration has presented results comparing the flux of atmospheric muons in the detector with CORSIKA simulations, and - by showing an underestimation of the muon data by the simulation - is contributing to the global phenomenon known as the Muon Puzzle. A data-driven model Daemonflux has recently appeared on the scene and shows promise of alleviating this discrepancy. In this study, Daemonflux is incorporated into the atmospheric muon simulation used to describe KM3NeT data, and its impact in doing so is estimated. We also evaluate the impact of the optical properties of the seawater on the agreement between the KM3NeT data and the atmospheric muon simulation.",

author = "\{KM3NeT Collaboration\} and Bouasla, \{Amani Besma\} and Reda Attallah and O. Adriani and A. Albert and Alhebsi, \{A. R.\} and S. Alshalloudi and M. Alshamsi and \{Alves Garre\}, S. and F. Ameli and M. Andre and L. Aphecetche and M. Ardid and S. Ardid and J. Aublin and F. Badaracco and L. Bailly-Salins and B. Baret and A. Bariego-Quintana and M. Barnard and Y. Becherini and M. Bendahman and \{Benfenati Gualandi\}, F. and M. Benhassi and Benoit, \{D. M.\} and Z. Be{\v n}u{\v s}ov{\'a} and E. Berbee and E. Berti and V. Bertin and P. Betti and S. Biagi and M. Boettcher and D. Bonanno and M. Bond{\`i} and S. Bottai and Bouasla, \{A. B.\} and J. Boumaaza and M. Bouta and M. Bouwhuis and C. Bozza and Bozza, \{R. M.\} and H. Br{\^a}nza{\c s} and F. Bretaudeau and M. Breuhaus and R. Bruijn and J. Brunner and R. Bruno and E. Buis and R. Buompane and I. Burriel and S. Razzaque",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} Copyright owned by the author(s); 39th International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2025 ; Conference date: 15-07-2025 Through 24-07-2025",

year = "2025",

month = dec,

day = "30",

doi = "10.22323/1.501.0459",

language = "English",

volume = "501",

journal = "Proceedings of Science",

issn = "1824-8039",

publisher = "Sissa Medialab Srl",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Improving the description of atmospheric muons in KM3NeT data using the Daemonflux data-driven model

AU - KM3NeT Collaboration

AU - Bouasla, Amani Besma

AU - Attallah, Reda

AU - Adriani, O.

AU - Albert, A.

AU - Alhebsi, A. R.

AU - Alshalloudi, S.

AU - Alshamsi, M.

AU - Alves Garre, S.

AU - Ameli, F.

AU - Andre, M.

AU - Aphecetche, L.

AU - Ardid, M.

AU - Ardid, S.

AU - Aublin, J.

AU - Badaracco, F.

AU - Bailly-Salins, L.

AU - Baret, B.

AU - Bariego-Quintana, A.

AU - Barnard, M.

AU - Becherini, Y.

AU - Bendahman, M.

AU - Benfenati Gualandi, F.

AU - Benhassi, M.

AU - Benoit, D. M.

AU - Beňušová, Z.

AU - Berbee, E.

AU - Berti, E.

AU - Bertin, V.

AU - Betti, P.

AU - Biagi, S.

AU - Boettcher, M.

AU - Bonanno, D.

AU - Bondì, M.

AU - Bottai, S.

AU - Bouasla, A. B.

AU - Boumaaza, J.

AU - Bouta, M.

AU - Bouwhuis, M.

AU - Bozza, C.

AU - Bozza, R. M.

AU - Brânzaş, H.

AU - Bretaudeau, F.

AU - Breuhaus, M.

AU - Bruijn, R.

AU - Brunner, J.

AU - Bruno, R.

AU - Buis, E.

AU - Buompane, R.

AU - Burriel, I.

AU - Razzaque, S.

PY - 2025/12/30

Y1 - 2025/12/30

N2 - The Cubic Kilometre Neutrino Telescope - KM3NeT - is subject to an intense flux of atmospheric muons, even at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. These atmospheric muons are created by the collisions of cosmic rays with nuclei of the upper atmosphere and their subsequent interactions, and as such, serve as probes of cosmic ray physics. The KM3NeT/ARCA and KM3NeT/ORCA detectors are located offshore Portopalo di Capo Passero, Italy, and Toulon, France, respectively, at corresponding depths of 3.5 km and 2.45 km below sea level. They offer the unique ability to detect atmospheric muons at two different locations and depths, as part of the same research infrastructure. The KM3NeT Collaboration has presented results comparing the flux of atmospheric muons in the detector with CORSIKA simulations, and - by showing an underestimation of the muon data by the simulation - is contributing to the global phenomenon known as the Muon Puzzle. A data-driven model Daemonflux has recently appeared on the scene and shows promise of alleviating this discrepancy. In this study, Daemonflux is incorporated into the atmospheric muon simulation used to describe KM3NeT data, and its impact in doing so is estimated. We also evaluate the impact of the optical properties of the seawater on the agreement between the KM3NeT data and the atmospheric muon simulation.

AB - The Cubic Kilometre Neutrino Telescope - KM3NeT - is subject to an intense flux of atmospheric muons, even at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. These atmospheric muons are created by the collisions of cosmic rays with nuclei of the upper atmosphere and their subsequent interactions, and as such, serve as probes of cosmic ray physics. The KM3NeT/ARCA and KM3NeT/ORCA detectors are located offshore Portopalo di Capo Passero, Italy, and Toulon, France, respectively, at corresponding depths of 3.5 km and 2.45 km below sea level. They offer the unique ability to detect atmospheric muons at two different locations and depths, as part of the same research infrastructure. The KM3NeT Collaboration has presented results comparing the flux of atmospheric muons in the detector with CORSIKA simulations, and - by showing an underestimation of the muon data by the simulation - is contributing to the global phenomenon known as the Muon Puzzle. A data-driven model Daemonflux has recently appeared on the scene and shows promise of alleviating this discrepancy. In this study, Daemonflux is incorporated into the atmospheric muon simulation used to describe KM3NeT data, and its impact in doing so is estimated. We also evaluate the impact of the optical properties of the seawater on the agreement between the KM3NeT data and the atmospheric muon simulation.

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105029020694

U2 - 10.22323/1.501.0459

DO - 10.22323/1.501.0459

M3 - Conference article

AN - SCOPUS:105029020694

SN - 1824-8039

VL - 501

JO - Proceedings of Science

JF - Proceedings of Science

M1 - 459

T2 - 39th International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2025

Y2 - 15 July 2025 through 24 July 2025

ER -

Improving the description of atmospheric muons in KM3NeT data using the Daemonflux data-driven model

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