TY - JOUR
T1 - Hydrogenation of biodiesel catalysed by pyrazolyl nickel(ii) and palladium(ii) complexes
AU - Olaoye, Oluwasegun Emmanuel
AU - Oyetunji, Olayinka
AU - Makhubela, Banothile C.E.
AU - Kumar, Gopendra
AU - Darkwa, James
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
PY - 2023/9/4
Y1 - 2023/9/4
N2 - Biodiesel from renewable sources offers an attractive alternative to conventional diesel fuel and partial hydrogenation of free-fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) is one way to improve this renewable fuel. We have used the mononuclear pyrazolyl nickel(ii) and palladium(ii) complexes, [NiBr2(L1)] (1), [NiBr2(L2)] (2), [NiBr2(L3)] (3), [PdCl2(L1)] (4), [PdCl2(L2)] (5) and [PdCl2(L3)] (6) (where L1 = 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole, L2 = 3,5-di-tert-butyl-1H-pyr azole and L3 = 5-ferrocenyl-1H-pyrazole), as hydrogenation catalysts to improve the fuel properties of selected plant biodiesel. These nickel and palladium complexes exhibit significant catalytic activities in the selective and partial hydrogenation of biodiesel produced from Jatropha curcas, chinaberry (Melia azedarach), and tsamma melon (Citrullus ecirrhosus) seed oils. Depending on the catalyst and reaction time, a blend of un-hydrogenated, partially hydrogenated, and fully hydrogenated biodiesel was produced whose fuel properties meet the requirements of EN 14214 and ASTM D 6751 standards as fuels.
AB - Biodiesel from renewable sources offers an attractive alternative to conventional diesel fuel and partial hydrogenation of free-fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) is one way to improve this renewable fuel. We have used the mononuclear pyrazolyl nickel(ii) and palladium(ii) complexes, [NiBr2(L1)] (1), [NiBr2(L2)] (2), [NiBr2(L3)] (3), [PdCl2(L1)] (4), [PdCl2(L2)] (5) and [PdCl2(L3)] (6) (where L1 = 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole, L2 = 3,5-di-tert-butyl-1H-pyr azole and L3 = 5-ferrocenyl-1H-pyrazole), as hydrogenation catalysts to improve the fuel properties of selected plant biodiesel. These nickel and palladium complexes exhibit significant catalytic activities in the selective and partial hydrogenation of biodiesel produced from Jatropha curcas, chinaberry (Melia azedarach), and tsamma melon (Citrullus ecirrhosus) seed oils. Depending on the catalyst and reaction time, a blend of un-hydrogenated, partially hydrogenated, and fully hydrogenated biodiesel was produced whose fuel properties meet the requirements of EN 14214 and ASTM D 6751 standards as fuels.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85171735137&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1039/d3su00254c
DO - 10.1039/d3su00254c
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85171735137
SN - 2753-8125
VL - 1
SP - 1814
EP - 1825
JO - RSC Sustainability
JF - RSC Sustainability
IS - 7
ER -
