Graphene-based materials: Unravelling its impact in wastewater treatment for sustainable environments

Toxic pollutant contamination of water resources is a significant problem. Numerous aquatic systems are tainted by various hazardous inorganic and organic species introduced by wastewater from different human sources, including domestic homes, businesses, farms, and mining. Given this, treating wastewater is the primary environmental challenge. An overview of recent advancements in materials based on graphene (Gr) for wastewater treatment is given in this paper. Because of its special qualities, Gr, a two-dimensional material with remarkable mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties, has become a capable material for environmental applications. Here, we have discussed the different types of Gr-based and synthesis methods used to synthesis the materials. The physiochemical properties of Gr-based materials, such as high surface area, high mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, chemical stability, optical properties and gas permeability, have also been discussed. Finally, the application of Gr-based materials in wastewater treatment (such as removal of organic contaminants, pharmaceuticals, heavy metals, bacteria and viruses), existing challenges, and future direction have been discussed with concluded remarks. A comparative study of Gr-based materials in terms of degradation performance and cost as compared to other materials for wastewater treatment is also provided in this review. Therefore, this is a comprehensive review of the emerging paradigm of Gr-based materials for environmental applications, providing insights into their potential impact on wastewater treatment.