Geochemical scaling potential simulations of natural organic matter complexation with metal ions in cooling water at eskom power generation plants in South Africa

The modified database in the pH, redox equilibrium calculations code (PHREEQC) with a Tipping and Hurley database (T_H.DAT) coupled with the Windermere’s humic acid model (WHAM) was used to simulate scale formation potential in cooling water circuitry, at Eskom power generating stations in South Africa. This study reports a semi-empirical simulative approach in which organic matter fractions, metals and anions in raw and cooling water were used as modelling experimental inputs. By using the saturation index profiles of Ca ²⁺ / Mg ²⁺ with fulvic acid in a modified Tipping and Hurley (T_H.DAT) database, fulvate complex species such as CaFulvate, MgFulvate, and geochemical modelling predictions, mineral phases that potentially precipitate are discussed. Speciation calculations showed that the increase in fulvic acid levels decreased saturation indices of scaling metal phases due to reduced levels of Ca ²⁺ and Mg ²⁺ in the water. Furthermore, if the concentrations of fulvic acid are known, semi-empirical calculations using the geochemical PHREEQC code with a modified T_H.DAT are possible. Consequently, mineral phase equilibria outputs may give an indication of how the pH and temperature is to be manipulated to optimally predict and control the incidence of scaling.