Functional Polymers and Their Nanocomposites for Sustainable Packaging Applications

This study explores recent advances and knowledge gaps in developing sustainable plastics-based packaging materials, emphasizing functionality and nanotechnology's impact on sustainability. It discusses material selection decisions, such as replacing conventional materials or fossil-based recyclable plastics with bio-based biodegradable options, within cradle-to-grave life cycle assessments. The choice of end-of-life strategies, including recycling or biodegradation/composting, is influenced by existing infrastructure, providing realistic end-of-life scenario estimates. Other sustainability factors include extending shelf life, reducing food waste, minimizing material use, and enhancing recyclability. Evaluating economic viability and scalability is crucial for commercializing academic research, ensuring that these sustainable solutions are practical for society. Key attributes of the article highlight nanotechnology's role, functional improvements in sustainable packaging design, and the significance of life cycle assessment and economic feasibility for developing effective solutions. This review presents a comprehensive overview of essential factors for achieving sustainability and guiding the creation of high-quality sustainable packaging for diverse markets.