Frequency regulation of geothermal power plant-integrated realistic power system with 3DOFPID controller

In this article, a higher-order degree of freedom (DOF) proportional–integral–derivative (PID) (3DOFPID) controller optimized with the meta-heuristic method of the water cycle algorithm (WCA) is proposed. Initially, WCA-tuned 3DOFPID is designed to the widely accepted power system model of two-area simple hydro-thermal (TASHT) system and the presented controller efficacy is revealed with other techniques discussed in the literature. Later, another interconnected power system model of two areas nonlinear realistic hydro thermal (TANRHT) system is considered for the investigative purpose by subjugating area-1 with step load perturbation (SLP) of 10%. The proposed controller is implemented to TANRHT without and with deliberating the integration of a geothermal power plant (GTPP). Dynamical responses of TANRHT reveal the efficacy of 3DOFPID over PID and 2DOFPID. Further, the impact of GTPP integration on the performance of the TANRHT system is demonstrated. Furthermore, the coordinated territorial strategy of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) and unified power flow controller (UPFC) is enacted with GTPP-integrated TANRHT system for performance improvement. Finally, the sensitivity analysis is conducted to reveal the robustness of proposed secondary and territorial control strategies.