Extragalactic Blazar Diffuse Population Interpretation for the KM3-230213A event

KM3NeT Collaboration

doi:10.22323/1.501.0986

Extragalactic Blazar Diffuse Population Interpretation for the KM3-230213A event

KM3NeT Collaboration

Physics

Badji Mokhtar University
University of Florence
National Institute for Nuclear Physics
Université de Strasbourg
Université de Haute-Alsace
Khalifa University of Science and Technology
Aix-Marseille Université
University of Valencia
University of Rome La Sapienza
Polytechnic University of Catalonia
Nantes Université
Polytechnic University of Valencia
Université de Paris
University of Genoa
Université de Caen
North West University
University of Bologna
University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli
University of Hull
Czech Technical University in Prague
Comenius University
National Institute for Subatomic Physics
Mohammed V University in Rabat
University of Salerno
University of Naples Federico II
National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics
University of Amsterdam
Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research
Cadi Ayyad University
University of the Witwatersrand
University of Catania
Princeton University
Université catholique de Louvain
University of Granada
Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
Demokritos National Centre for Scientific Research
Mohamed I University
Western Sydney University
Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research - NIOZ
Leiden University
AGH University of Science and Technology
Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
The University of Georgia, Tbilisi
Institut universitaire de France
Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Sharjah Academy for Astronomy, Space Sciences & Technology
Charles University
Harvard University
Mohammed VI Polytechnic University
Université Montpellier 2

Research output: Contribution to journal › Conference article › peer-review

Abstract

On February 13, 2023, the KM3NeT/ARCA neutrino telescope detected an ultra-high-energy neutrino event, KM3-230213A, with an estimated energy in the hundreds of PeV range. In this study, we explore whether such a rare event can originate from a diffuse population of blazars. We simulate the neutrino and photon emission from blazar jets using the AM3 lepto-hadronic code, convolve the results with the Fermi-LAT blazar luminosity function, and evaluate the resulting diffuse flux. A likelihood analysis incorporating both KM3NeT and IceCube exposure data, as well as a gamma-ray background penalty from Fermi-LAT, allows us to constrain the parameter space of the baryonic loading and proton spectral index. We find that the KM3-230213A event could have been generated by a blazar diffuse flux, under physically motivated assumptions. This work demonstrates the strength of multi-messenger analyses and underlines the importance of joint neutrino observatory efforts in interpreting the high-energy sky.

Original language	English
Article number	986
Journal	Proceedings of Science
Volume	501
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.22323/1.501.0986
Publication status	Published - 30 Dec 2025
Event	39th International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2025 - Geneva, Switzerland Duration: 15 Jul 2025 → 24 Jul 2025

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Multidisciplinary

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10.22323/1.501.0986

Cite this

@article{9070445fbadf4029909248381a72c23b,

title = "Extragalactic Blazar Diffuse Population Interpretation for the KM3-230213A event",

abstract = "On February 13, 2023, the KM3NeT/ARCA neutrino telescope detected an ultra-high-energy neutrino event, KM3-230213A, with an estimated energy in the hundreds of PeV range. In this study, we explore whether such a rare event can originate from a diffuse population of blazars. We simulate the neutrino and photon emission from blazar jets using the AM3 lepto-hadronic code, convolve the results with the Fermi-LAT blazar luminosity function, and evaluate the resulting diffuse flux. A likelihood analysis incorporating both KM3NeT and IceCube exposure data, as well as a gamma-ray background penalty from Fermi-LAT, allows us to constrain the parameter space of the baryonic loading and proton spectral index. We find that the KM3-230213A event could have been generated by a blazar diffuse flux, under physically motivated assumptions. This work demonstrates the strength of multi-messenger analyses and underlines the importance of joint neutrino observatory efforts in interpreting the high-energy sky.",

author = "\{KM3NeT Collaboration\} and Bouasla, \{Amani Besma\} and Reda Attallah and O. Adriani and A. Albert and Alhebsi, \{A. R.\} and S. Alshalloudi and M. Alshamsi and \{Alves Garre\}, S. and F. Ameli and M. Andre and L. Aphecetche and M. Ardid and S. Ardid and J. Aublin and F. Badaracco and L. Bailly-Salins and B. Baret and A. Bariego-Quintana and M. Barnard and Y. Becherini and M. Bendahman and \{Benfenati Gualandi\}, F. and M. Benhassi and Benoit, \{D. M.\} and Z. Be{\v n}u{\v s}ov{\'a} and E. Berbee and E. Berti and V. Bertin and P. Betti and S. Biagi and M. Boettcher and D. Bonanno and M. Bond{\`i} and S. Bottai and Bouasla, \{A. B.\} and J. Boumaaza and M. Bouta and M. Bouwhuis and C. Bozza and Bozza, \{R. M.\} and H. Br{\^a}nza{\c s} and F. Bretaudeau and M. Breuhaus and R. Bruijn and J. Brunner and R. Bruno and E. Buis and R. Buompane and I. Burriel and S. Razzaque",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} Copyright owned by the author(s); 39th International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2025 ; Conference date: 15-07-2025 Through 24-07-2025",

year = "2025",

month = dec,

day = "30",

doi = "10.22323/1.501.0986",

language = "English",

volume = "501",

journal = "Proceedings of Science",

issn = "1824-8039",

publisher = "Sissa Medialab Srl",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Extragalactic Blazar Diffuse Population Interpretation for the KM3-230213A event

AU - KM3NeT Collaboration

AU - Bouasla, Amani Besma

AU - Attallah, Reda

AU - Adriani, O.

AU - Albert, A.

AU - Alhebsi, A. R.

AU - Alshalloudi, S.

AU - Alshamsi, M.

AU - Alves Garre, S.

AU - Ameli, F.

AU - Andre, M.

AU - Aphecetche, L.

AU - Ardid, M.

AU - Ardid, S.

AU - Aublin, J.

AU - Badaracco, F.

AU - Bailly-Salins, L.

AU - Baret, B.

AU - Bariego-Quintana, A.

AU - Barnard, M.

AU - Becherini, Y.

AU - Bendahman, M.

AU - Benfenati Gualandi, F.

AU - Benhassi, M.

AU - Benoit, D. M.

AU - Beňušová, Z.

AU - Berbee, E.

AU - Berti, E.

AU - Bertin, V.

AU - Betti, P.

AU - Biagi, S.

AU - Boettcher, M.

AU - Bonanno, D.

AU - Bondì, M.

AU - Bottai, S.

AU - Bouasla, A. B.

AU - Boumaaza, J.

AU - Bouta, M.

AU - Bouwhuis, M.

AU - Bozza, C.

AU - Bozza, R. M.

AU - Brânzaş, H.

AU - Bretaudeau, F.

AU - Breuhaus, M.

AU - Bruijn, R.

AU - Brunner, J.

AU - Bruno, R.

AU - Buis, E.

AU - Buompane, R.

AU - Burriel, I.

AU - Razzaque, S.

PY - 2025/12/30

Y1 - 2025/12/30

N2 - On February 13, 2023, the KM3NeT/ARCA neutrino telescope detected an ultra-high-energy neutrino event, KM3-230213A, with an estimated energy in the hundreds of PeV range. In this study, we explore whether such a rare event can originate from a diffuse population of blazars. We simulate the neutrino and photon emission from blazar jets using the AM3 lepto-hadronic code, convolve the results with the Fermi-LAT blazar luminosity function, and evaluate the resulting diffuse flux. A likelihood analysis incorporating both KM3NeT and IceCube exposure data, as well as a gamma-ray background penalty from Fermi-LAT, allows us to constrain the parameter space of the baryonic loading and proton spectral index. We find that the KM3-230213A event could have been generated by a blazar diffuse flux, under physically motivated assumptions. This work demonstrates the strength of multi-messenger analyses and underlines the importance of joint neutrino observatory efforts in interpreting the high-energy sky.

AB - On February 13, 2023, the KM3NeT/ARCA neutrino telescope detected an ultra-high-energy neutrino event, KM3-230213A, with an estimated energy in the hundreds of PeV range. In this study, we explore whether such a rare event can originate from a diffuse population of blazars. We simulate the neutrino and photon emission from blazar jets using the AM3 lepto-hadronic code, convolve the results with the Fermi-LAT blazar luminosity function, and evaluate the resulting diffuse flux. A likelihood analysis incorporating both KM3NeT and IceCube exposure data, as well as a gamma-ray background penalty from Fermi-LAT, allows us to constrain the parameter space of the baryonic loading and proton spectral index. We find that the KM3-230213A event could have been generated by a blazar diffuse flux, under physically motivated assumptions. This work demonstrates the strength of multi-messenger analyses and underlines the importance of joint neutrino observatory efforts in interpreting the high-energy sky.

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105029018561

U2 - 10.22323/1.501.0986

DO - 10.22323/1.501.0986

M3 - Conference article

AN - SCOPUS:105029018561

SN - 1824-8039

VL - 501

JO - Proceedings of Science

JF - Proceedings of Science

M1 - 986

T2 - 39th International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2025

Y2 - 15 July 2025 through 24 July 2025

ER -

Extragalactic Blazar Diffuse Population Interpretation for the KM3-230213A event

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