Extended state observer-based primary load frequency controller for power systems with ultra-high wind-energy penetration

In this paper, a novel extended state observer-based (ESO) load frequency control is implemented. Specifically, the proposed control law focuses on the incorporation of wind energy injection as one of the disturbances, treating it as an additional state within the system. The proposed ESO is designed to estimate both the system states and the net disturbance, thereby enhancing its ability to regulate the overall load frequency performance. The proposed control strategy hinges on the judicious selection of control gains and disturbance gain. The estimated disturbance is then effectively compensated to regulate the load frequency. To evaluate the efficacy of the proposed controller, tests are conducted on both single and three area systems. The results demonstrate superior performance, even under conditions involving load and parameter variations.