Exposure and health risk assessment of transition metals in rice found on the Ghanaian market

This study investigates the concentration of transition metals in imported and local rice brands on sale in some Ghanaian markets and the biochemical influences on the health of the Ghanaian population. A comparative analysis with previous studies in Ghana reveals that levels of Fe (3.64–4.44 mg/kg), Cd (0.03 mg/kg) and Cu (14.07–38.13 mg/kg) in the current study are much lower than the 13.67–21.35, 1.67–3.01, and 14.07–38.13 mg/kg recorded for Fe, Cd, and Cu, respectively. Rice sold in the Ghanaian markets contained different transition metals of which some are essential (Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe). The levels of transition metals, such as Mn, Zn, Cd, Cu, and Fe are in moderate concentrations, which are well within the maximum acceptable limit of the World Health Organization. This study has revealed that R5 and R9 from the USA and India, respectively, recorded hazard indices above the safe limit of 1 and can therefore have the potential to pose detrimental health complications to consumers in the long term.