Evolution of ternary I–III–VI QDs: Synthesis, characterization and application

The paradigm-shift in quantum dot (QDs) synthesis and applications in the past decade have seen the development of an array of semiconductor QDs. The II–VI or IV–VI QDs are still the most researched QDs undoubtedly. However, safer alternatives within the ternary I–III–VI QDs are currently being pursued. This has resulted in an increased new body of knowledge on nanomaterial technology. This paper reviews the evolution of synthetic methods for I–III–VI QDs and their surface modification techniques with a particular focus on the ternary copper-indium-sulphide (CIS) based QDs. The parameters that play a vital role in the optical properties of CIS QDs, and their various applications with emphasis on biological applications are also discussed. The review ends with the challenge and future perspective of these nascent QDs.