Abstract
The Palaeoproterozoic greenstone belts of Fennoscandia are metamorphosed and deformed volcanic and sedimentary rocks that formed in basins with a high base-metal ore potential. One of these, the Reppar-fjord Tectonic Window (RTW), is exposed in the Caledonides of northern Norway and contains several sediment-hosted Cu deposits including Nussir and Ulveryggen. The RTW is composed of mafic meta-volcanic rocks (metabasalts, volcanoclastic metabreccia and metatuffite) intercalated with carbonate-siliciclastic sedimentary rocks (dolomitic marble, metasandstone to metapelite). This succession was deformed and metamorphosed up to greenschist to lower amphibolite facies during the Svecofennian Orogeny (c. 1.84 Ga). The Cu-mineralisation at the Nussir deposit is hosted by a dolomitic marble. It occurs mostly in the form of quartz-carbonate veins with chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite and covellite as the main ore minerals. In contrast, the Ulveryggen mineralisation is predominantly disseminated within a metasiliciclastic succession and dominated by chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite, covellite and neodigenite. Mineralogical, geochemical, stable isotope and fluid-inclusion studies provide insights into the evolution of the Cu-bearing fluids. A wide range in homogenisation temperatures (135–350°C at the Nussir deposit and 102–520°C at the Ulveryggen deposit) and fluid-inclusion salinities (from 0.35 up to 36 wt.% NaCl equivalents) suggest an evolving system with brines developed by subsurface evaporite dissolution. Fluid-inclusion and Cu-sphalerite geothermometry data constrain the temperature-pressure conditions of the Cu mineralisation in the Nussir deposit at 330–340°C and 1.1–2.7 kbars. High salinities at relatively high temperatures within the ore-bearing fluids imply that Cu was transported predominantly by Cu-chloride complexes. The interaction of ore-bearing fluids with carbonate-rich host lithologies is proposed as the main mechanism for deposition of the Cu mineralisation at Nussir. In contrast, at the Ulveryggen deposit the mineralisation was mostly controlled by dilution and cooling when ore-bearing fluids mixed with groundwaters. Locally, reaction of Cu-bearing fluids with sediment-hosted pyrite might also have triggered copper precipitation. Similar ranges of ẟ13C (-0.9 to + 2.9‰ V-PDB) and ẟ18O (-18.3 to-15.9‰ V-PDB) values in carbonates from ore-bearing veins and underlying host dolomitic marbles reflect a carbonate rock-buffered system without a significant contribution of magmatic or hydrothermal CO2.
Original language | English |
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Article number | 202011 |
Journal | Norwegian Journal of Geology |
Volume | 100 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 2020 |
Keywords
- Basin evolution
- Copper mineralisation
- Fluid inclusions
- Lithogeochemistry
- Nussir
- Repparfjord tectonic window
- Sediment-hosted mineralisation
- Stable isotopes
- Ulveryggen
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Oceanography
- Geophysics
- Geology
- Geochemistry and Petrology
- Paleontology