Entropy analysis of Carreau–Yasuda-blood tri-hybrid nanofluid flow through an inclined porous tapered artery with uneven stenosis under Dufour and Soret effects

The control of blood flow in stenosed and tapered arteries is crucial for improving the efficiency of drug delivery and magnetically focused therapies in cardiovascular diseases. This work focuses on the unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of blood through a porous inclined tapered artery with uneven stenosis. Carreau–Yasuda fluid model has been incorporated to observe the non-Newtonian characteristics of blood. Copper oxide (CuO), zinc (Zn), and silver (Ag) have been suspended in blood to form a tri-hybrid nanofluid. An external magnetic field with an inclination angle has been enforced. Impacts of Ohmic heating, Dufour and Soret effects, and chemical reactions have been observed. Non-similar variables have been used to reduce the current model's dimensional non-linear partial differential equations (PDEs) to a set of dimensionless PDEs. A forward time central space (FTCS) approach-based finite difference method has been applied to calculate the numerical solutions of flow velocity, temperature, and concentration. To examine the system's irreversibility, the total entropy generation has been computed. Proposal has been assessed in relation to axial velocity, thermal, concentration, and entropy profiles for diverging, non-tapered, and converging arteries for several controlling parameters. Streamlines have been plotted to study the blood flow patterns. It has been noticed that axial velocity, entropy rate, and concentration of diverging artery dominate the other two, while the opposite is true for the thermal profiles. Axial velocity is enhanced by 4.4% in the diverging artery and reduced by 4.6% in the converging artery. Trapping zones intensify for escalated values of the Weissenberg and Forchheimer numbers. Precision of the findings in this investigation has been compared with data that has already been published. These findings highlight the significance of non-Newtonian blood rheology and nanoparticle transport in predicting flow behavior and optimizing heat and mass transfer in diseased arteries.