Enhanced automatic voltage regulation using an extended PIDA controller optimised by the snake algorithm

Maintaining voltage stability within acceptable limits is crucial in power systems, with Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR) ensuring consistent performance. Traditionally, PID controllers have been widely used; however, they struggle in complex, nonlinear environments with fluctuating conditions and disturbances. This study proposes an Extended PID-Acceleration (ePIDA) controller incorporating a novel state observer-based Disturbance Observer (DOB) for enhanced voltage regulation. The Snake Optimiser (SO) is introduced for the first time in AVR tuning, leveraging its dynamic leader-follower mechanism to achieve faster convergence and optimal controller gains. The SO-ePIDA framework extends the traditional PIDA structure with a three-degree-of-freedom (3DOF) approach, enhancing setpoint tracking and disturbance rejection. The proposed approach is evaluated against six widely used optimisation strategies through comparative statistical and graphical analyses, considering step-load variations and system parameter settings. Results demonstrate that the SO-ePIDA controller achieves a rise time of 0.1679 s, a settling time of 0.3123 s, and the lowest ISTAE value of 0.0046, ensuring superior transient response and steady-state accuracy. Furthermore, under a 30 % step-load disturbance, the proposed controller exhibits the fastest recovery time of 0.1065 s, significantly outperforming other methods. The AVR system was tested with ±25 % and ±50 % variations in system parameters to assess robustness under parametric uncertainty. The results confirm that the SO-ePIDA controller maintains stability, with rise time deviations limited to 0.1577 and 0.2004 s and ISTAE variations between 0.0116 and 0.1891, demonstrating strong adaptability under extreme operating conditions. These findings establish the SO-ePIDA framework as a robust, high-performance solution for real-world AVR applications.