Energy storage devices: Batteries and supercapacitors

Energy storage devices play a crucial role in our modern society, enabling the efficient utilization of renewable energy sources, powering portable electronics, and facilitating the transition to electric transportation. The chapter begins by exploring the need of energy storage in the modern world, the fundamental principles and working mechanisms of batteries, including the different types such as lithium-ion, nickel-metal hydride and lead-acid battery. The design, manufacturing and performance characteristics of each battery type are discussed, along with their advantages and limitations. Additionally, the chapter discusses the latest advancements in battery technology, including the development of solid-state batteries, high-energy-density batteries, and next-generation battery materials. Moreover, the chapter examines supercapacitors, an emerging energy storage technology with unique advantages such as high-power density, fast charging, and greater cycle life. The underlying principles and operating principles of supercapacitors are explained, with a focus on different types such as electrochemical double-layer capacitors and pseudocapacitors. Also, the chapter explores the various electrode materials, electrolytes, and device architectures employed in supercapacitors, highlighting recent advancements and future prospects.