Electric vehicle charging stations and the employed energy management schemes: a classification based comparative survey

Increased adoption of the electric vehicle (EV) needs the proper charging infrastructure integrated with suitable energy management schemes. However, the available literature on this topic lacks in providing a comparative survey on different aspects of this field to properly guide the people interested in this area. To mitigate this gap, this research survey is an effort to provide know-how about the important aspects of the overall EV charging setup with 239 relevant references. It reviews the achievements of energy management systems in terms of improving fuel consumption efficiency and reducing carbon dioxide emissions in EV charging systems. State-of-the-art and most up-to-date standards of EV technology and charging infrastructure are presented. EV charging schemes based on standard grid and renewable energy resources are introduced with a brief comparison of the standard grid and photovoltaic-grid charging systems. Moreover, this article describes centralized and decentralized control configurations of EV charging. A comparative survey of different energy management algorithms is presented while highlighting the benefits and drawbacks of each algorithm. The work presented in this review will help frame future research needs. It is anticipated that the material gathered in this article will become a valuable source of information for the researchers working on this area of study.