Effects of surface roughness and thermal radiation on mixed convective (GO–MoS₂/H₂O–C₂H₆O₂) hybrid nanofluid flow past a permeable cone

The main purpose of this work is to analyse the influence of mixed convective flow around a permeable cone in the presence of thermal radiation, suction/injection, graphene oxide (GO)–molybdenum disulphide (MoS₂) nanoparticles with working fluid water–ethylene glycol mixture (H₂O–C₂H₆O₂). The roughness on the cone surface and nanoparticles shape factor effects are invoked in this study to assess the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics in the presence of radiation. The study of hybrid nanofluid flow and heat transport problems is novel. It has been mathematically modelled by a nonlinear coupled partial differential equations (PDEs) system with subjected surface constraints. Further, Mangler’s non-similar transformations are deployed to reduce to a system of PDEs in non-dimensional form. Subsequently, they are attempted for the solution in conjunction with the quasilinearization technique and implicit finite difference approximation. The study's outcome reveals that combining hybrid nanoparticles increases the heat transport rate compared to nanofluid and base fluid. Enhancing values of thermal radiation parameters boost the hybrid nanofluid’s temperature due to radiated surface. Surface gradients show wavy variations due to the surface texture effect and enhance the skin friction coefficient. The molecular interaction between the different shapes of included nanoparticles and the base fluid causes rises in the fluid temperature; for blade-shaped nanoparticles it reaches the maximum temperature for hybrid nanofluid, followed by platelets, cylindrical, bricks, and spherical nanoparticles. The applications of the present study have notable importance in designing and manufacturing cone-shaped bodies in aerospace engineering, geophysics, and nuclear engineering, especially in the production of missiles, rockets, missiles and nuclear weapons, core catcher in nuclear power plant in other industrial processes, etc.