Dynamic optimal power flow for multi-operator renewable energy-based virtual power plants

Recently, infiltration of distributed energy resources (DERs) is augmented considerably to upsurge network flexibility, better economic indicator, and reduced power loss. But integration of different DERs may cause challenges in power grid. To overwhelmed these challenges and obtain maximum advantage of DERs, virtual power plant's concept has been emerged. Virtual power plants (VPPs) has the capacity to partake in electricity market and rivalry of VPPs to achieve more profit, deregulated multi-operator markets are developed. This paper suggests dynamic optimum power flow (DOPF) for multi-operator VPPs considering demand side management (DSM) and uncertainty of renewable energy sources. VPPs with different proprietorships are interconnected with each other by tie lines. Each VPP has small hydro power plants (SHPPs), solar PV plants (SPVPs), wind turbine generators (WTGs), bioenergy power plant (BPPs), and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). VPP 1 comprises IEEE 33-bus system, VPP 2 comprises 15-bus system, and VPP 3 comprises IEEE 69-bus system. Bottlenose dolphin optimizer (BDO), HPSO-TVAC, and GWO have been applied to solve DOPF problem and maximize the net profit of multi-operator VPPs.