Development of novel engineered/functionalized biochars

Engineered novel and functionalized biochars are significant milestones in the realm of environmental management, engineering, and agriculture. The feedstock used in biochar production includes various biowastes, which are processed under different operation conditions such as heating rate, temperature, and residence times. The feedstock’s chemical composition is vital as it defines the inherent physical and chemical properties. The biochar can be functionalized to suit specific purposes and it has gained prominence as an adsorbent for abatement of organic and inorganic contaminants from the environment. This chapter collates and critically analyses literature to address the following: (1) biochar synthesis routes, (2) biochar activation techniques, (3) the application of biochar as an adsorbent to remove inorganic and organic contaminants in aquatic systems, (4) the cost of biochar technology, and (5) future research needs. Two recalcitrant inorganic pollutants (As and Cr) were used to illustrate inorganic pollutant removal in aquatic systems.