Conventional biosensors transformation into nanobiosensors: spotlighting of current strategies, challenges, and recommended solutions for diverse applications

Biosensors are analytical devices that play a significant role in medicine as diagnostics, agricultural, food, and environment sectors for detecting and monitoring various analytes. According to their uniqueness in the effective and rapid target recognition, a wide range of biosensors have been utilized in different applications for the detection of diverse targets. In this regard, various principles and configurations were employed to develop these sensors. Incorporating nanotechnology and green chemistry principles in the fabrication of biosensors brings novel and effective sensors termed as nanobiosensors. Due to the nanoscale range and distinct physical, chemical, electrical, thermal, optical, and magnetic properties, the nano-dimensional sensors act better than conventional biosensors. This review focuses on the applications of nanotechnology principles in biosensor development. The utilization of nanomaterials in sensor development and significance of these sensors in various fields have been discussed. It reveals the possible utilization of nanobiosensors as effective tools for the recognition of wide range of analytes, including markers associated with medicine, agriculture, food sector, and environment. Graphical abstract: (Figure presented.)