Complexation driven synthesis of nickel ferrocyanide nanoparticles for non-enzymatic glucose sensing application using field effect transistors and microcontroller-based platforms

The new generation of glucose biosensors has gained attention for their rapid response, stability, reproducibility and low detection limit. Their affordability and high sensitivity make them ideal for both clinical and non-clinical applications. This study explores the synthesis of nickel ferrocyanide (NFC) using a complexation-mediated route and investigates its potential application as a glucose sensor. Structural and compositional analysis (X-ray diffraction, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy) confirmed the formation of NFC nanoparticles. Electrochemical studies revealed strong catalytic activity of the synthesized material toward glucose oxidation, driven by Ni(ii)/Ni(iii) redox transitions, in alkaline media. To translate these functionalities into a practical sensing platform, an extended-gate field-effect transistor (EG-FET) setup was developed, allowing for selective and stable glucose detection. Additionally, a microcontroller-based system was developed for real-time signal acquisition and wireless data transmission, enabling a portable and user-friendly glucose monitoring solution. The EG-FET and microcontroller based sensors present a scalable and efficient approach for glucose sensing, demonstrating significant potential for biomedical applications.