Cascade-I^λD^μN controller design for AGC of thermal and hydro-thermal power systems integrated with renewable energy sources

Expert, intelligent and robust automatic generation control (AGC) scheme is requisite for stable operation and control of power system (PS) integrated with renewable energy sources (RES) under sudden/random small load disturbances. Large frequency deviations appear if AGC capacity is inept to compensate for the imbalances of generation and demand. In this paper, a cascade-fractional order ID with filter (C-I^λD^μN) controller is proposed as an expert supplementary controller to promote AGC recital adequately in electric power systems incorporated with RES like solar, wind and fuel cells. The imperialist competitive algorithm is fruitfully exploited for optimizing the controller parameters. First, a 2-area reheat thermal system is examined critically and then to authorize the worth of the proposed controller, the study is protracted to a 2-area multi-source hydro-thermal system. The prominent benefits of C-I^λD^μN controller with/without renewable energy sources consist of its great indolence to large load disturbances and superiority over various optimized classical/fuzzy controllers published recently. The sensitivity study validates the robustness of the recommended controller against ±20% deviations in the system parameters and random step load perturbations.