Carbon capital's trial, the Kyoto protocol's demise, and openings for climate justice

There is a rich history of international eco-social solidarity for climate activists to draw upon. South Africans and global allies fought racial apartheid and won in 1994. Political history was made here with the initial resistance by Zulu King Shaka to British settlers in the early 1800s and a century later with Mahatma Gandhi's (1928) political innovation Satyagraha, truth-force civil disobedience used to advance Indian ethnic rights. Activists in other major South African cities also host ongoing protests on climate, energy, and related issues. For example, Earthlife Africa and the Anti-Privatization Forum regularly engage in actions at the headquarters of the vast state electricity company Eskom and the coal-to-oil multinational Sasol, South Africa's two largest carbon dioxide emitters. Sites of significance for climate activists abound, beginning in the north at the King Shaka International Airport.