Biosensors: principle, fundamentals history, recent trends and applications

Biosensors are currently ubiquitous in the biomedical field as well as in a variety of other fields such as point-of-care intensive care for therapy and illness, ecological assessment, nutrition monitoring, the discovery of drugs, and other medical and forensics research. Biosensors were first reported during 1906 when M. Cremer determined that an acid concentration in a liquid is proportionate to the electric potential. Until then, a number of advancements have been made in this field. Biosensors can be described as analytical tools which consist of a grouping of natural sensing components such as a receptor and a transducer. In comparison with any further currently accessible analytical device, these sensors are sophisticated in the environments because of selectivity, sensitivity and specificity. Herein, in this chapter we will discuss the general principles of the biosensor, its developmental history, current scenarios and potential applications. Additionally, we will also highlight the pros and cons of biosensing technology and its future in various fields.