Biopolymers for in situ-forming hydrogels, synthesis, characterization, toxicity issues, and application

In situ-forming hydrogels have emerged as versatile materials with significant potential for various biomedical applications. Biopolymers, owing to their biocompatibility and sustainability, have gained considerable attention as essential components in the development of in situ-forming hydrogels. This chapter focuses on the biopolymers, characterization, toxicity concerns, and diverse applications of biopolymer-based in situ--forming hydrogels. Characterization techniques, including rheology, swelling behavior, mechanical properties, and microstructural analysis, are critical for evaluating the performance and stability of in situ-forming hydrogels. This chapter discusses these analytical tools and their role in assessing biopolymer-based hydrogels' structural and functional attributes. Toxicity remains a paramount concern when considering the use of hydrogels in biomedical applications. A comprehensive examination of toxicity issues associated with biopolymer-based hydrogels, including cytotoxicity, immunogenicity, and biodegradability, is presented to ensure the safety of these materials in clinical settings. Finally, the diverse applications of biopolymer-based in situ-forming hydrogels are explored. These applications encompass drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound healing, and regenerative medicine, among others. This chapter highlights recent advances and emerging trends in each application area, emphasizing the unique advantages that biopolymer-based hydrogels offer. Overall, this comprehensive review provides valuable insight into the synthesis, characterization, toxicity evaluation, and applications of biopolymer-based in situ-forming hydrogels. It underscores the pivotal role of biopolymers in advancing the field of hydrogel-based biomaterials, with the potential to revolutionize the healthcare and biotechnology industries.