Beamforming D-band phased array microstrip antennas

This paper presents a beamforming D-band phased array in proximity coupled fed microstrip antennas design at 132–160 ​GHz frequency working range. The first beamforming phased array microstrip antenna simulation with the CST MWS software was also simulated with Ansys HFSS for equalization. The simulation results obtained from a couple of simulators were in good agreement, supporting the suggested design. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the proposed antennas supply high peak gain, high peak total efficiency, and decent steering angles of 26.05 ​dB and 88.33%, ‒13.5° to 13.7°, respectively. Moreover, an innovatory error analysis simulation has been done to approximate the proposed antenna's BW and the gain because of the anticipated manufacturing etching accuracy deviation, the dielectric constant of the microstrip laminates, and the loss tangent of the microstrip laminates indicate the possible high-frequency losses, which are frequency-dependent. That makes them suitable as a base for a D-band line-of-sight (LoS) medium-distance base-station beamforming beyond 5G (B5G) cellular communication and for Terahertz (THz) imaging sensor, nondestructive testing (NDT) sensor, biological imaging sensor, and material characterization sensor.