TY - JOUR
T1 - Assessment of the health risk and geo-accumulation of toxic metals in agricultural soil and wheat, northern Iran
AU - Zafarzadeh, Ali
AU - Taghani, Jomeh Mohammad
AU - Toomaj, Mohammad Amin
AU - Ramavandi, Bahman
AU - Bonyadi, Ziaeddin
AU - Sillanpää, Mika
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
PY - 2021/11
Y1 - 2021/11
N2 - The current work was conducted to study the concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) in farming soil and wheat and compute their geological and health indexes, including geo-accumulation index (Igeo), chronic daily intake (CDI), hazard index (HI), hazard quotient (HQ), and cancer risk (CR). In general, 256 samples were collected from agriculture soil (AS) and wheat in Kalaleh and Aq Qala areas, northern Iran. The average rates of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were detected to be 0.28, 25.24, 15.44, and 60.33 mg·kg−1, respectively, for AS and 0.01, 8.85, 0.73, and 33.81 mg·kg−1 for wheat, respectively. Based on the results, the HQ and HI levels for investigated HMs were lower than l. So, the health risk of HMs exposure for adults and children was low. CR levels for Pb in AS for both children and adults were observed greater than the threshold value. Accordingly, lead-contaminated soil will be carcinogenic if ingested by children. On the other hand, the exposure to Pb (through wheat) and Cd (through both soil and wheat) had the acceptable CR level for all groups. As a result, for an extended period, there are no significant health consequences for children and adults.
AB - The current work was conducted to study the concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) in farming soil and wheat and compute their geological and health indexes, including geo-accumulation index (Igeo), chronic daily intake (CDI), hazard index (HI), hazard quotient (HQ), and cancer risk (CR). In general, 256 samples were collected from agriculture soil (AS) and wheat in Kalaleh and Aq Qala areas, northern Iran. The average rates of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were detected to be 0.28, 25.24, 15.44, and 60.33 mg·kg−1, respectively, for AS and 0.01, 8.85, 0.73, and 33.81 mg·kg−1 for wheat, respectively. Based on the results, the HQ and HI levels for investigated HMs were lower than l. So, the health risk of HMs exposure for adults and children was low. CR levels for Pb in AS for both children and adults were observed greater than the threshold value. Accordingly, lead-contaminated soil will be carcinogenic if ingested by children. On the other hand, the exposure to Pb (through wheat) and Cd (through both soil and wheat) had the acceptable CR level for all groups. As a result, for an extended period, there are no significant health consequences for children and adults.
KW - Agriculture soil
KW - Health risk assessment
KW - Heavy metals
KW - Wheat
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85117908187&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s10661-021-09530-z
DO - 10.1007/s10661-021-09530-z
M3 - Article
C2 - 34697651
AN - SCOPUS:85117908187
SN - 0167-6369
VL - 193
JO - Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
JF - Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
IS - 11
M1 - 750
ER -
