Architecture and performance of the KM3NeT front-end firmware

Sebastiano Aiello; Arnauld Albert; Sergio Alves Garre; Zineb Aly; Fabrizio Ameli; Michel Andre; Giorgos Androulakis; Marco Anghinolfi; Mancia Anguita; Gisela Anton; Miquel Ardid; Julien Aublin; Christos Bagatelas; Giancarlo Barbarino; Bruny Baret; Suzan Basegmez Du Pree; Anastasios Belias; Meriem Bendahman; Edward Berbee; Ad M. Van Den Berg; Vincent Bertin; Vincent Van Beveren; Simone Biagi; Andrea Biagioni; Matthias Bissinger; Markus Boettcher; Jihad Boumaaza; Mohammed Bouta; Mieke Bouwhuis; Cristiano Bozza; Horea Brânzaş; Ronald Bruijn; Jurgen Brunner; Ernst Jan Buis; Raffaele Buompane; Jose Busto; Barbara Caiffi; David Calvo; Antonio Capone; Victor Carretero; Paolo Castaldi; Silvia Celli; Mohamed Chabab; Nhan Chau; Andrew Chen; Silvio Cherubini; Vitaliano Chiarella; Tommaso Chiarusi; Marco Circella; Rosanna Cocimano; Joao A.B. Coelho; Alexis Coleiro; Marta Colomer Molla; Stephane Colonges; Rosa Coniglione; Imanol Corredoira; Paschal Coyle; Alexandre Creusot; Giacomo Cuttone; Antonio D. Amico; Antonio D'Onofrio; Richard Dallier; Mauro De Palma; Irene Di Palma; Antonio F. Díaz; Dídac Diego-Tortosa; Carla Distefano; Alba Domi; Roberto Donà; Corinne Donzaud; Damien Dornic; Manuel Doerr; Doriane Drouhin; Thomas Eberl; Ahmed Eddyamoui; Thijs Van Eeden; Daan Van Eijk; Imad El Bojaddaini; Dominik Elsaesser; Alexander Enzenhoefer; Victor Espinosa Rosell; Paolo Fermani; Giovanna Ferrara; Miroslav D. Filipović; Francesco Filippini; Luigi Antonio Fusco; Omar Gabella; Tamas Gal; Alfonso Andres Garcia Soto; Fabio Garufi; Yoann Gatelet; Nicole Geißelbrecht; Lucio Gialanella; Emidio Giorgio; Sara R. Gozzini; Rodrigo Gracia; Kay Graf; Dario Grasso; Giuseppe Grella; Daniel Guderian; Carlo Guidi; Steffen Hallmann; Hassane Hamdaoui; Hans Van Haren; Aart Heijboer; Amar Hekalo; Juan Jose Hernández-Rey; Jannik Hofestädt; Feifei Huang; Walid Idrissi Ibnsalih; Alin Ilioni; Giulia Illuminati; Clancy W. James; Peter Jansweijer; Maarten De Jong; Paul De Jong; Bouke Jisse Jung; Matthias Kadler; Piotr Kalaczyński; Oleg Kalekin; Uli F. Katz; Nafis Rezwan Khan Chowdhury; Giorgi Kistauri; Frits Van Der Knaap; Els N. Koffeman; Paul Kooijman; Antoine Kouchner; Michael Kreter; Vladimir Kulikovskiy; Robert Lahmann; Giuseppina Larosa; Remy Le Breton; Ornella Leonardi; Francesco Leone; Emanuele Leonora; Jean Lesrel; Giuseppe Levi; Massimiliano Lincetto; Miles Lindsey Clark; Thomas Lipreau; Alessandro Lonardo; Fabio Longhitano; Daniel Lopez-Coto; Lukas Maderer; Jerzy Mikolaj Mańczak; Karl Mannheim; Annarita Margiotta; Antonio Marinelli; Christos Markou; Lilian Martin; Juan Antonio Martínez-Mora; Agnese Martini; Fabio Marzaioli; Stefano Mastroianni; Safaa Mazzou; Karel W. Melis; Gennaro Miele; Pasquale Migliozzi; Emilio Migneco; Piotr Mijakowski; Luis Salvador Miranda Palacios; Carlos Maximiliano Mollo; Mauro Morganti; Michael Moser; Abdelilah Moussa; Rasa Muller; David Muñoz Pérez; Paolo Musico; Mario Musumeci; Lodewijk Nauta; Sergio Navas; Carlo A. Nicolau; Brian Fearraigh; Mitchell O'Sullivan; Mukharbek Organokov; Angelo Orlando; Juan Palacios González; Gogita Papalashvili; Riccardo Papaleo; Cosimo Pastore; Alice M. Pǎun; Gabriela Emilia Pǎvǎlaş; Giuliano Pellegrini; Carmelo Pellegrino; Mathieu Perrin-Terrin; Paolo Piattelli; Camiel Pieterse; Konstantinos Pikounis; Ofelia Pisanti; Chiara Poirè; Vlad Popa; Thierry Pradier; Gerd Pühlhofer; Sara Pulvirenti; Omphile Rabyang; Fabrizio Raffaelli; Nunzio Randazzo; Soebur Razzaque; Diego Real; Stefan Reck; Giorgio Riccobene; Marc Richer; Stephane Rivoire; Alberto Rovelli; Francisco Salesa Greus; Dorothea Franziska Elisabeth Samtleben; Agustin Sánchez Losa; Matteo Sanguineti; Andrea E. Santangelo; Domenico Santonocito; Piera Sapienza; Jan Willem Schmelling; Jutta Schnabel; Johannes Schumann; Jordan Seneca; Irene Sgura; Rezo Shanidze; Ankur Sharma; Francesco Simeone; Anna Sinopoulou; Bernardino Spisso; Maurizio Spurio; Dimitris Stavropoulos; Jos Steijger; Simona Maria Stellacci; Mauro Taiuti; Yahya Tayalati; Enrique Tenllado; Tarak Thakore; Steven Tingay; Ekaterini Tzamariudaki; Dimitrios Tzanetatos; Veronique Van Elewyck; Georges Vasileiadis; Federico Versari; Salvo Viola; Daniele Vivolo; Gwenhael De Wasseige; Joern Wilms; Rafa Wojaczyński; Els De Wolf; Dmitry Zaborov; Sandra Zavatarelli; Angela Zegarelli; Daniele Zito; Juan De Dios Zornoza; Juan Zúñiga; Natalia Zywucka

doi:10.1117/1.JATIS.7.1.016001

Architecture and performance of the KM3NeT front-end firmware

Sebastiano Aiello
, Arnauld Albert
, Sergio Alves Garre
, Zineb Aly
, Fabrizio Ameli
, Michel Andre
, Giorgos Androulakis
, Marco Anghinolfi
, Mancia Anguita
, Gisela Anton
, Miquel Ardid
, Julien Aublin
, Christos Bagatelas
, Giancarlo Barbarino
, Bruny Baret
, Suzan Basegmez Du Pree
, Anastasios Belias
, Meriem Bendahman
, Edward Berbee
, Ad M. Van Den Berg

Vincent Bertin, Vincent Van Beveren, Simone Biagi, Andrea Biagioni, Matthias Bissinger, Markus Boettcher, Jihad Boumaaza, Mohammed Bouta, Mieke Bouwhuis, Cristiano Bozza, Horea Brânzaş, Ronald Bruijn, Jurgen Brunner, Ernst Jan Buis, Raffaele Buompane, Jose Busto, Barbara Caiffi, David Calvo, Antonio Capone, Victor Carretero, Paolo Castaldi, Silvia Celli, Mohamed Chabab, Nhan Chau, Andrew Chen, Silvio Cherubini, Vitaliano Chiarella, Tommaso Chiarusi, Marco Circella, Rosanna Cocimano, Joao A.B. Coelho, Alexis Coleiro, Marta Colomer Molla, Stephane Colonges, Rosa Coniglione, Imanol Corredoira, Paschal Coyle, Alexandre Creusot, Giacomo Cuttone, Antonio D. Amico, Antonio D'Onofrio, Richard Dallier, Mauro De Palma, Irene Di Palma, Antonio F. Díaz, Dídac Diego-Tortosa, Carla Distefano, Alba Domi, Roberto Donà, Corinne Donzaud, Damien Dornic, Manuel Doerr, Doriane Drouhin, Thomas Eberl, Ahmed Eddyamoui, Thijs Van Eeden, Daan Van Eijk, Imad El Bojaddaini, Dominik Elsaesser, Alexander Enzenhoefer, Victor Espinosa Rosell, Paolo Fermani, Giovanna Ferrara, Miroslav D. Filipović, Francesco Filippini, Luigi Antonio Fusco, Omar Gabella, Tamas Gal, Alfonso Andres Garcia Soto, Fabio Garufi, Yoann Gatelet, Nicole Geißelbrecht, Lucio Gialanella, Emidio Giorgio, Sara R. Gozzini, Rodrigo Gracia, Kay Graf, Dario Grasso, Giuseppe Grella, Daniel Guderian, Carlo Guidi, Steffen Hallmann, Hassane Hamdaoui, Hans Van Haren, Aart Heijboer, Amar Hekalo, Juan Jose Hernández-Rey, Jannik Hofestädt, Feifei Huang, Walid Idrissi Ibnsalih, Alin Ilioni, Giulia Illuminati, Clancy W. James, Peter Jansweijer, Maarten De Jong, Paul De Jong, Bouke Jisse Jung, Matthias Kadler, Piotr Kalaczyński, Oleg Kalekin, Uli F. Katz, Nafis Rezwan Khan Chowdhury, Giorgi Kistauri, Frits Van Der Knaap, Els N. Koffeman, Paul Kooijman, Antoine Kouchner, Michael Kreter, Vladimir Kulikovskiy, Robert Lahmann, Giuseppina Larosa, Remy Le Breton, Ornella Leonardi, Francesco Leone, Emanuele Leonora, Jean Lesrel, Giuseppe Levi, Massimiliano Lincetto, Miles Lindsey Clark, Thomas Lipreau, Alessandro Lonardo, Fabio Longhitano, Daniel Lopez-Coto, Lukas Maderer, Jerzy Mikolaj Mańczak, Karl Mannheim, Annarita Margiotta, Antonio Marinelli, Christos Markou, Lilian Martin, Juan Antonio Martínez-Mora, Agnese Martini, Fabio Marzaioli, Stefano Mastroianni, Safaa Mazzou, Karel W. Melis, Gennaro Miele, Pasquale Migliozzi, Emilio Migneco, Piotr Mijakowski, Luis Salvador Miranda Palacios, Carlos Maximiliano Mollo, Mauro Morganti, Michael Moser, Abdelilah Moussa, Rasa Muller, David Muñoz Pérez, Paolo Musico, Mario Musumeci, Lodewijk Nauta, Sergio Navas, Carlo A. Nicolau, Brian Fearraigh, Mitchell O'Sullivan, Mukharbek Organokov, Angelo Orlando, Juan Palacios González, Gogita Papalashvili, Riccardo Papaleo, Cosimo Pastore, Alice M. Pǎun, Gabriela Emilia Pǎvǎlaş, Giuliano Pellegrini, Carmelo Pellegrino, Mathieu Perrin-Terrin, Paolo Piattelli, Camiel Pieterse, Konstantinos Pikounis, Ofelia Pisanti, Chiara Poirè, Vlad Popa, Thierry Pradier, Gerd Pühlhofer, Sara Pulvirenti, Omphile Rabyang, Fabrizio Raffaelli, Nunzio Randazzo, Soebur Razzaque, Diego Real, Stefan Reck, Giorgio Riccobene, Marc Richer, Stephane Rivoire, Alberto Rovelli, Francisco Salesa Greus, Dorothea Franziska Elisabeth Samtleben, Agustin Sánchez Losa, Matteo Sanguineti, Andrea E. Santangelo, Domenico Santonocito, Piera Sapienza, Jan Willem Schmelling, Jutta Schnabel, Johannes Schumann, Jordan Seneca, Irene Sgura, Rezo Shanidze, Ankur Sharma, Francesco Simeone, Anna Sinopoulou, Bernardino Spisso, Maurizio Spurio, Dimitris Stavropoulos, Jos Steijger, Simona Maria Stellacci, Mauro Taiuti, Yahya Tayalati, Enrique Tenllado, Tarak Thakore, Steven Tingay, Ekaterini Tzamariudaki, Dimitrios Tzanetatos, Veronique Van Elewyck, Georges Vasileiadis, Federico Versari, Salvo Viola, Daniele Vivolo, Gwenhael De Wasseige, Joern Wilms, Rafa Wojaczyński, Els De Wolf, Dmitry Zaborov, Sandra Zavatarelli, Angela Zegarelli, Daniele Zito, Juan De Dios Zornoza, Juan Zúñiga, Natalia Zywucka

Physics

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

15 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

The KM3NeT infrastructure consists of two deep-sea neutrino telescopes being deployed in the Mediterranean Sea. The telescopes will detect extraterrestrial and atmospheric neutrinos by means of the incident photons induced by the passage of relativistic charged particles through the seawater as a consequence of a neutrino interaction. The telescopes are configured in a three-dimensional grid of digital optical modules, each hosting 31 photomultipliers. The photomultiplier signals produced by the incident Cherenkov photons are converted into digital information consisting of the integrated pulse duration and the time at which it surpasses a chosen threshold. The digitization is done by means of time to digital converters (TDCs) embedded in the field programmable gate array of the central logic board. Subsequently, a state machine formats the acquired data for its transmission to shore. We present the architecture and performance of the front-end firmware consisting of the TDCs and the state machine.

Original language	English
Article number	016001
Journal	Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems
Volume	7
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JATIS.7.1.016001
Publication status	Published - 1 Jan 2021

Keywords

KM3NeT
acquisition firmware
neutrino telescope
time to digital converters

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Control and Systems Engineering
Instrumentation
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Mechanical Engineering
Space and Planetary Science

Access to Document

10.1117/1.JATIS.7.1.016001

Cite this

Aiello, S., Albert, A., Garre, S. A., Aly, Z., Ameli, F., Andre, M., Androulakis, G., Anghinolfi, M., Anguita, M., Anton, G., Ardid, M., Aublin, J., Bagatelas, C., Barbarino, G., Baret, B., Du Pree, S. B., Belias, A., Bendahman, M., Berbee, E., ... Zywucka, N. (2021). Architecture and performance of the KM3NeT front-end firmware. Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems, 7(1), Article 016001. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JATIS.7.1.016001

@article{76d0c379660041558b346a92164e48db,

title = "Architecture and performance of the KM3NeT front-end firmware",

abstract = "The KM3NeT infrastructure consists of two deep-sea neutrino telescopes being deployed in the Mediterranean Sea. The telescopes will detect extraterrestrial and atmospheric neutrinos by means of the incident photons induced by the passage of relativistic charged particles through the seawater as a consequence of a neutrino interaction. The telescopes are configured in a three-dimensional grid of digital optical modules, each hosting 31 photomultipliers. The photomultiplier signals produced by the incident Cherenkov photons are converted into digital information consisting of the integrated pulse duration and the time at which it surpasses a chosen threshold. The digitization is done by means of time to digital converters (TDCs) embedded in the field programmable gate array of the central logic board. Subsequently, a state machine formats the acquired data for its transmission to shore. We present the architecture and performance of the front-end firmware consisting of the TDCs and the state machine.",

keywords = "KM3NeT, acquisition firmware, neutrino telescope, time to digital converters",

author = "Sebastiano Aiello and Arnauld Albert and Garre, \{Sergio Alves\} and Zineb Aly and Fabrizio Ameli and Michel Andre and Giorgos Androulakis and Marco Anghinolfi and Mancia Anguita and Gisela Anton and Miquel Ardid and Julien Aublin and Christos Bagatelas and Giancarlo Barbarino and Bruny Baret and \{Du Pree\}, \{Suzan Basegmez\} and Anastasios Belias and Meriem Bendahman and Edward Berbee and \{Van Den Berg\}, \{Ad M.\} and Vincent Bertin and \{Van Beveren\}, Vincent and Simone Biagi and Andrea Biagioni and Matthias Bissinger and Markus Boettcher and Jihad Boumaaza and Mohammed Bouta and Mieke Bouwhuis and Cristiano Bozza and Horea Br{\^a}nza{\c s} and Ronald Bruijn and Jurgen Brunner and Buis, \{Ernst Jan\} and Raffaele Buompane and Jose Busto and Barbara Caiffi and David Calvo and Antonio Capone and Victor Carretero and Paolo Castaldi and Silvia Celli and Mohamed Chabab and Nhan Chau and Andrew Chen and Silvio Cherubini and Vitaliano Chiarella and Tommaso Chiarusi and Marco Circella and Rosanna Cocimano and Coelho, \{Joao A.B.\} and Alexis Coleiro and Molla, \{Marta Colomer\} and Stephane Colonges and Rosa Coniglione and Imanol Corredoira and Paschal Coyle and Alexandre Creusot and Giacomo Cuttone and Amico, \{Antonio D.\} and Antonio D'Onofrio and Richard Dallier and \{De Palma\}, Mauro and \{Di Palma\}, Irene and D{\'i}az, \{Antonio F.\} and D{\'i}dac Diego-Tortosa and Carla Distefano and Alba Domi and Roberto Don{\`a} and Corinne Donzaud and Damien Dornic and Manuel Doerr and Doriane Drouhin and Thomas Eberl and Ahmed Eddyamoui and \{Van Eeden\}, Thijs and \{Van Eijk\}, Daan and \{El Bojaddaini\}, Imad and Dominik Elsaesser and Alexander Enzenhoefer and Rosell, \{Victor Espinosa\} and Paolo Fermani and Giovanna Ferrara and Filipovi{\'c}, \{Miroslav D.\} and Francesco Filippini and Fusco, \{Luigi Antonio\} and Omar Gabella and Tamas Gal and Soto, \{Alfonso Andres Garcia\} and Fabio Garufi and Yoann Gatelet and Nicole Gei{\ss}elbrecht and Lucio Gialanella and Emidio Giorgio and Gozzini, \{Sara R.\} and Rodrigo Gracia and Kay Graf and Dario Grasso and Giuseppe Grella and Daniel Guderian and Carlo Guidi and Steffen Hallmann and Hassane Hamdaoui and \{Van Haren\}, Hans and Aart Heijboer and Amar Hekalo and Hern{\'a}ndez-Rey, \{Juan Jose\} and Jannik Hofest{\"a}dt and Feifei Huang and Ibnsalih, \{Walid Idrissi\} and Alin Ilioni and Giulia Illuminati and James, \{Clancy W.\} and Peter Jansweijer and \{De Jong\}, Maarten and \{De Jong\}, Paul and Jung, \{Bouke Jisse\} and Matthias Kadler and Piotr Kalaczy{\'n}ski and Oleg Kalekin and Katz, \{Uli F.\} and Chowdhury, \{Nafis Rezwan Khan\} and Giorgi Kistauri and \{Van Der Knaap\}, Frits and Koffeman, \{Els N.\} and Paul Kooijman and Antoine Kouchner and Michael Kreter and Vladimir Kulikovskiy and Robert Lahmann and Giuseppina Larosa and \{Le Breton\}, Remy and Ornella Leonardi and Francesco Leone and Emanuele Leonora and Jean Lesrel and Giuseppe Levi and Massimiliano Lincetto and Clark, \{Miles Lindsey\} and Thomas Lipreau and Alessandro Lonardo and Fabio Longhitano and Daniel Lopez-Coto and Lukas Maderer and Ma{\'n}czak, \{Jerzy Mikolaj\} and Karl Mannheim and Annarita Margiotta and Antonio Marinelli and Christos Markou and Lilian Martin and Mart{\'i}nez-Mora, \{Juan Antonio\} and Agnese Martini and Fabio Marzaioli and Stefano Mastroianni and Safaa Mazzou and Melis, \{Karel W.\} and Gennaro Miele and Pasquale Migliozzi and Emilio Migneco and Piotr Mijakowski and Palacios, \{Luis Salvador Miranda\} and \{Maximiliano Mollo\}, Carlos and Mauro Morganti and Michael Moser and Abdelilah Moussa and Rasa Muller and P{\'e}rez, \{David Mu{\~n}oz\} and Paolo Musico and Mario Musumeci and Lodewijk Nauta and Sergio Navas and Nicolau, \{Carlo A.\} and Brian Fearraigh and Mitchell O'Sullivan and Mukharbek Organokov and Angelo Orlando and Gonz{\'a}lez, \{Juan Palacios\} and Gogita Papalashvili and Riccardo Papaleo and Cosimo Pastore and Pǎun, \{Alice M.\} and Pǎvǎla{\c s}, \{Gabriela Emilia\} and Giuliano Pellegrini and Carmelo Pellegrino and Mathieu Perrin-Terrin and Paolo Piattelli and Camiel Pieterse and Konstantinos Pikounis and Ofelia Pisanti and Chiara Poir{\`e} and Vlad Popa and Thierry Pradier and Gerd P{\"u}hlhofer and Sara Pulvirenti and Omphile Rabyang and Fabrizio Raffaelli and Nunzio Randazzo and Soebur Razzaque and Diego Real and Stefan Reck and Giorgio Riccobene and Marc Richer and Stephane Rivoire and Alberto Rovelli and \{Salesa Greus\}, Francisco and Samtleben, \{Dorothea Franziska Elisabeth\} and Losa, \{Agustin S{\'a}nchez\} and Matteo Sanguineti and Santangelo, \{Andrea E.\} and Domenico Santonocito and Piera Sapienza and Schmelling, \{Jan Willem\} and Jutta Schnabel and Johannes Schumann and Jordan Seneca and Irene Sgura and Rezo Shanidze and Ankur Sharma and Francesco Simeone and Anna Sinopoulou and Bernardino Spisso and Maurizio Spurio and Dimitris Stavropoulos and Jos Steijger and Stellacci, \{Simona Maria\} and Mauro Taiuti and Yahya Tayalati and Enrique Tenllado and Tarak Thakore and Steven Tingay and Ekaterini Tzamariudaki and Dimitrios Tzanetatos and \{Van Elewyck\}, Veronique and Georges Vasileiadis and Federico Versari and Salvo Viola and Daniele Vivolo and \{De Wasseige\}, Gwenhael and Joern Wilms and Rafa Wojaczy{\'n}ski and \{De Wolf\}, Els and Dmitry Zaborov and Sandra Zavatarelli and Angela Zegarelli and Daniele Zito and \{De Dios Zornoza\}, Juan and Juan Z{\'u}{\~n}iga and Natalia Zywucka",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.",

year = "2021",

month = jan,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1117/1.JATIS.7.1.016001",

language = "English",

volume = "7",

journal = "Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems",

issn = "2329-4124",

publisher = "SPIE",

number = "1",

}

Aiello, S, Albert, A, Garre, SA, Aly, Z, Ameli, F, Andre, M, Androulakis, G, Anghinolfi, M, Anguita, M, Anton, G, Ardid, M, Aublin, J, Bagatelas, C, Barbarino, G, Baret, B, Du Pree, SB, Belias, A, Bendahman, M, Berbee, E, Van Den Berg, AM, Bertin, V, Van Beveren, V, Biagi, S, Biagioni, A, Bissinger, M, Boettcher, M, Boumaaza, J, Bouta, M, Bouwhuis, M, Bozza, C, Brânzaş, H, Bruijn, R, Brunner, J, Buis, EJ, Buompane, R, Busto, J, Caiffi, B, Calvo, D, Capone, A, Carretero, V, Castaldi, P, Celli, S, Chabab, M, Chau, N, Chen, A, Cherubini, S, Chiarella, V, Chiarusi, T, Circella, M, Cocimano, R, Coelho, JAB, Coleiro, A, Molla, MC, Colonges, S, Coniglione, R, Corredoira, I, Coyle, P, Creusot, A, Cuttone, G, Amico, AD, D'Onofrio, A, Dallier, R, De Palma, M, Di Palma, I, Díaz, AF, Diego-Tortosa, D, Distefano, C, Domi, A, Donà, R, Donzaud, C, Dornic, D, Doerr, M, Drouhin, D, Eberl, T, Eddyamoui, A, Van Eeden, T, Van Eijk, D, El Bojaddaini, I, Elsaesser, D, Enzenhoefer, A, Rosell, VE, Fermani, P, Ferrara, G, Filipović, MD, Filippini, F, Fusco, LA, Gabella, O, Gal, T, Soto, AAG, Garufi, F, Gatelet, Y, Geißelbrecht, N, Gialanella, L, Giorgio, E, Gozzini, SR, Gracia, R, Graf, K, Grasso, D, Grella, G, Guderian, D, Guidi, C, Hallmann, S, Hamdaoui, H, Van Haren, H, Heijboer, A, Hekalo, A, Hernández-Rey, JJ, Hofestädt, J, Huang, F, Ibnsalih, WI, Ilioni, A, Illuminati, G, James, CW, Jansweijer, P, De Jong, M, De Jong, P, Jung, BJ, Kadler, M, Kalaczyński, P, Kalekin, O, Katz, UF, Chowdhury, NRK, Kistauri, G, Van Der Knaap, F, Koffeman, EN, Kooijman, P, Kouchner, A, Kreter, M, Kulikovskiy, V, Lahmann, R, Larosa, G, Le Breton, R, Leonardi, O, Leone, F, Leonora, E, Lesrel, J, Levi, G, Lincetto, M, Clark, ML, Lipreau, T, Lonardo, A, Longhitano, F, Lopez-Coto, D, Maderer, L, Mańczak, JM, Mannheim, K, Margiotta, A, Marinelli, A, Markou, C, Martin, L, Martínez-Mora, JA, Martini, A, Marzaioli, F, Mastroianni, S, Mazzou, S, Melis, KW, Miele, G, Migliozzi, P, Migneco, E, Mijakowski, P, Palacios, LSM, Maximiliano Mollo, C, Morganti, M, Moser, M, Moussa, A, Muller, R, Pérez, DM, Musico, P, Musumeci, M, Nauta, L, Navas, S, Nicolau, CA, Fearraigh, B, O'Sullivan, M, Organokov, M, Orlando, A, González, JP, Papalashvili, G, Papaleo, R, Pastore, C, Pǎun, AM, Pǎvǎlaş, GE, Pellegrini, G, Pellegrino, C, Perrin-Terrin, M, Piattelli, P, Pieterse, C, Pikounis, K, Pisanti, O, Poirè, C, Popa, V, Pradier, T, Pühlhofer, G, Pulvirenti, S, Rabyang, O, Raffaelli, F, Randazzo, N, Razzaque, S, Real, D, Reck, S, Riccobene, G, Richer, M, Rivoire, S, Rovelli, A, Salesa Greus, F, Samtleben, DFE, Losa, AS, Sanguineti, M, Santangelo, AE, Santonocito, D, Sapienza, P, Schmelling, JW, Schnabel, J, Schumann, J, Seneca, J, Sgura, I, Shanidze, R, Sharma, A, Simeone, F, Sinopoulou, A, Spisso, B, Spurio, M, Stavropoulos, D, Steijger, J, Stellacci, SM, Taiuti, M, Tayalati, Y, Tenllado, E, Thakore, T, Tingay, S, Tzamariudaki, E, Tzanetatos, D, Van Elewyck, V, Vasileiadis, G, Versari, F, Viola, S, Vivolo, D, De Wasseige, G, Wilms, J, Wojaczyński, R, De Wolf, E, Zaborov, D, Zavatarelli, S, Zegarelli, A, Zito, D, De Dios Zornoza, J, Zúñiga, J & Zywucka, N 2021, 'Architecture and performance of the KM3NeT front-end firmware', Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems, vol. 7, no. 1, 016001. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JATIS.7.1.016001

TY - JOUR

T1 - Architecture and performance of the KM3NeT front-end firmware

AU - Aiello, Sebastiano

AU - Albert, Arnauld

AU - Garre, Sergio Alves

AU - Aly, Zineb

AU - Ameli, Fabrizio

AU - Andre, Michel

AU - Androulakis, Giorgos

AU - Anghinolfi, Marco

AU - Anguita, Mancia

AU - Anton, Gisela

AU - Ardid, Miquel

AU - Aublin, Julien

AU - Bagatelas, Christos

AU - Barbarino, Giancarlo

AU - Baret, Bruny

AU - Du Pree, Suzan Basegmez

AU - Belias, Anastasios

AU - Bendahman, Meriem

AU - Berbee, Edward

AU - Van Den Berg, Ad M.

AU - Bertin, Vincent

AU - Van Beveren, Vincent

AU - Biagi, Simone

AU - Biagioni, Andrea

AU - Bissinger, Matthias

AU - Boettcher, Markus

AU - Boumaaza, Jihad

AU - Bouta, Mohammed

AU - Bouwhuis, Mieke

AU - Bozza, Cristiano

AU - Brânzaş, Horea

AU - Bruijn, Ronald

AU - Brunner, Jurgen

AU - Buis, Ernst Jan

AU - Buompane, Raffaele

AU - Busto, Jose

AU - Caiffi, Barbara

AU - Calvo, David

AU - Capone, Antonio

AU - Carretero, Victor

AU - Castaldi, Paolo

AU - Celli, Silvia

AU - Chabab, Mohamed

AU - Chau, Nhan

AU - Chen, Andrew

AU - Cherubini, Silvio

AU - Chiarella, Vitaliano

AU - Chiarusi, Tommaso

AU - Circella, Marco

AU - Cocimano, Rosanna

AU - Coelho, Joao A.B.

AU - Coleiro, Alexis

AU - Molla, Marta Colomer

AU - Colonges, Stephane

AU - Coniglione, Rosa

AU - Corredoira, Imanol

AU - Coyle, Paschal

AU - Creusot, Alexandre

AU - Cuttone, Giacomo

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N1 - Publisher Copyright: © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.

PY - 2021/1/1

Y1 - 2021/1/1

N2 - The KM3NeT infrastructure consists of two deep-sea neutrino telescopes being deployed in the Mediterranean Sea. The telescopes will detect extraterrestrial and atmospheric neutrinos by means of the incident photons induced by the passage of relativistic charged particles through the seawater as a consequence of a neutrino interaction. The telescopes are configured in a three-dimensional grid of digital optical modules, each hosting 31 photomultipliers. The photomultiplier signals produced by the incident Cherenkov photons are converted into digital information consisting of the integrated pulse duration and the time at which it surpasses a chosen threshold. The digitization is done by means of time to digital converters (TDCs) embedded in the field programmable gate array of the central logic board. Subsequently, a state machine formats the acquired data for its transmission to shore. We present the architecture and performance of the front-end firmware consisting of the TDCs and the state machine.

AB - The KM3NeT infrastructure consists of two deep-sea neutrino telescopes being deployed in the Mediterranean Sea. The telescopes will detect extraterrestrial and atmospheric neutrinos by means of the incident photons induced by the passage of relativistic charged particles through the seawater as a consequence of a neutrino interaction. The telescopes are configured in a three-dimensional grid of digital optical modules, each hosting 31 photomultipliers. The photomultiplier signals produced by the incident Cherenkov photons are converted into digital information consisting of the integrated pulse duration and the time at which it surpasses a chosen threshold. The digitization is done by means of time to digital converters (TDCs) embedded in the field programmable gate array of the central logic board. Subsequently, a state machine formats the acquired data for its transmission to shore. We present the architecture and performance of the front-end firmware consisting of the TDCs and the state machine.

KW - KM3NeT

KW - acquisition firmware

KW - neutrino telescope

KW - time to digital converters

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85103691598

U2 - 10.1117/1.JATIS.7.1.016001

DO - 10.1117/1.JATIS.7.1.016001

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85103691598

SN - 2329-4124

VL - 7

JO - Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems

JF - Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems

IS - 1

M1 - 016001

ER -

Architecture and performance of the KM3NeT front-end firmware

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