Abstract
The KM3NeT infrastructure consists of two deep-sea neutrino telescopes being deployed in the Mediterranean Sea. The telescopes will detect extraterrestrial and atmospheric neutrinos by means of the incident photons induced by the passage of relativistic charged particles through the seawater as a consequence of a neutrino interaction. The telescopes are configured in a three-dimensional grid of digital optical modules, each hosting 31 photomultipliers. The photomultiplier signals produced by the incident Cherenkov photons are converted into digital information consisting of the integrated pulse duration and the time at which it surpasses a chosen threshold. The digitization is done by means of time to digital converters (TDCs) embedded in the field programmable gate array of the central logic board. Subsequently, a state machine formats the acquired data for its transmission to shore. We present the architecture and performance of the front-end firmware consisting of the TDCs and the state machine.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 016001 |
| Journal | Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems |
| Volume | 7 |
| Issue number | 1 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 1 Jan 2021 |
Keywords
- KM3NeT
- acquisition firmware
- neutrino telescope
- time to digital converters
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
- Control and Systems Engineering
- Instrumentation
- Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Mechanical Engineering
- Space and Planetary Science
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In: Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems, Vol. 7, No. 1, 016001, 01.01.2021.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
TY - JOUR
T1 - Architecture and performance of the KM3NeT front-end firmware
AU - Aiello, Sebastiano
AU - Albert, Arnauld
AU - Garre, Sergio Alves
AU - Aly, Zineb
AU - Ameli, Fabrizio
AU - Andre, Michel
AU - Androulakis, Giorgos
AU - Anghinolfi, Marco
AU - Anguita, Mancia
AU - Anton, Gisela
AU - Ardid, Miquel
AU - Aublin, Julien
AU - Bagatelas, Christos
AU - Barbarino, Giancarlo
AU - Baret, Bruny
AU - Du Pree, Suzan Basegmez
AU - Belias, Anastasios
AU - Bendahman, Meriem
AU - Berbee, Edward
AU - Van Den Berg, Ad M.
AU - Bertin, Vincent
AU - Van Beveren, Vincent
AU - Biagi, Simone
AU - Biagioni, Andrea
AU - Bissinger, Matthias
AU - Boettcher, Markus
AU - Boumaaza, Jihad
AU - Bouta, Mohammed
AU - Bouwhuis, Mieke
AU - Bozza, Cristiano
AU - Brânzaş, Horea
AU - Bruijn, Ronald
AU - Brunner, Jurgen
AU - Buis, Ernst Jan
AU - Buompane, Raffaele
AU - Busto, Jose
AU - Caiffi, Barbara
AU - Calvo, David
AU - Capone, Antonio
AU - Carretero, Victor
AU - Castaldi, Paolo
AU - Celli, Silvia
AU - Chabab, Mohamed
AU - Chau, Nhan
AU - Chen, Andrew
AU - Cherubini, Silvio
AU - Chiarella, Vitaliano
AU - Chiarusi, Tommaso
AU - Circella, Marco
AU - Cocimano, Rosanna
AU - Coelho, Joao A.B.
AU - Coleiro, Alexis
AU - Molla, Marta Colomer
AU - Colonges, Stephane
AU - Coniglione, Rosa
AU - Corredoira, Imanol
AU - Coyle, Paschal
AU - Creusot, Alexandre
AU - Cuttone, Giacomo
AU - Amico, Antonio D.
AU - D'Onofrio, Antonio
AU - Dallier, Richard
AU - De Palma, Mauro
AU - Di Palma, Irene
AU - Díaz, Antonio F.
AU - Diego-Tortosa, Dídac
AU - Distefano, Carla
AU - Domi, Alba
AU - Donà, Roberto
AU - Donzaud, Corinne
AU - Dornic, Damien
AU - Doerr, Manuel
AU - Drouhin, Doriane
AU - Eberl, Thomas
AU - Eddyamoui, Ahmed
AU - Van Eeden, Thijs
AU - Van Eijk, Daan
AU - El Bojaddaini, Imad
AU - Elsaesser, Dominik
AU - Enzenhoefer, Alexander
AU - Rosell, Victor Espinosa
AU - Fermani, Paolo
AU - Ferrara, Giovanna
AU - Filipović, Miroslav D.
AU - Filippini, Francesco
AU - Fusco, Luigi Antonio
AU - Gabella, Omar
AU - Gal, Tamas
AU - Soto, Alfonso Andres Garcia
AU - Garufi, Fabio
AU - Gatelet, Yoann
AU - Geißelbrecht, Nicole
AU - Gialanella, Lucio
AU - Giorgio, Emidio
AU - Gozzini, Sara R.
AU - Gracia, Rodrigo
AU - Graf, Kay
AU - Grasso, Dario
AU - Grella, Giuseppe
AU - Guderian, Daniel
AU - Guidi, Carlo
AU - Hallmann, Steffen
AU - Hamdaoui, Hassane
AU - Van Haren, Hans
AU - Heijboer, Aart
AU - Hekalo, Amar
AU - Hernández-Rey, Juan Jose
AU - Hofestädt, Jannik
AU - Huang, Feifei
AU - Ibnsalih, Walid Idrissi
AU - Ilioni, Alin
AU - Illuminati, Giulia
AU - James, Clancy W.
AU - Jansweijer, Peter
AU - De Jong, Maarten
AU - De Jong, Paul
AU - Jung, Bouke Jisse
AU - Kadler, Matthias
AU - Kalaczyński, Piotr
AU - Kalekin, Oleg
AU - Katz, Uli F.
AU - Chowdhury, Nafis Rezwan Khan
AU - Kistauri, Giorgi
AU - Van Der Knaap, Frits
AU - Koffeman, Els N.
AU - Kooijman, Paul
AU - Kouchner, Antoine
AU - Kreter, Michael
AU - Kulikovskiy, Vladimir
AU - Lahmann, Robert
AU - Larosa, Giuseppina
AU - Le Breton, Remy
AU - Leonardi, Ornella
AU - Leone, Francesco
AU - Leonora, Emanuele
AU - Lesrel, Jean
AU - Levi, Giuseppe
AU - Lincetto, Massimiliano
AU - Clark, Miles Lindsey
AU - Lipreau, Thomas
AU - Lonardo, Alessandro
AU - Longhitano, Fabio
AU - Lopez-Coto, Daniel
AU - Maderer, Lukas
AU - Mańczak, Jerzy Mikolaj
AU - Mannheim, Karl
AU - Margiotta, Annarita
AU - Marinelli, Antonio
AU - Markou, Christos
AU - Martin, Lilian
AU - Martínez-Mora, Juan Antonio
AU - Martini, Agnese
AU - Marzaioli, Fabio
AU - Mastroianni, Stefano
AU - Mazzou, Safaa
AU - Melis, Karel W.
AU - Miele, Gennaro
AU - Migliozzi, Pasquale
AU - Migneco, Emilio
AU - Mijakowski, Piotr
AU - Palacios, Luis Salvador Miranda
AU - Maximiliano Mollo, Carlos
AU - Morganti, Mauro
AU - Moser, Michael
AU - Moussa, Abdelilah
AU - Muller, Rasa
AU - Pérez, David Muñoz
AU - Musico, Paolo
AU - Musumeci, Mario
AU - Nauta, Lodewijk
AU - Navas, Sergio
AU - Nicolau, Carlo A.
AU - Fearraigh, Brian
AU - O'Sullivan, Mitchell
AU - Organokov, Mukharbek
AU - Orlando, Angelo
AU - González, Juan Palacios
AU - Papalashvili, Gogita
AU - Papaleo, Riccardo
AU - Pastore, Cosimo
AU - Pǎun, Alice M.
AU - Pǎvǎlaş, Gabriela Emilia
AU - Pellegrini, Giuliano
AU - Pellegrino, Carmelo
AU - Perrin-Terrin, Mathieu
AU - Piattelli, Paolo
AU - Pieterse, Camiel
AU - Pikounis, Konstantinos
AU - Pisanti, Ofelia
AU - Poirè, Chiara
AU - Popa, Vlad
AU - Pradier, Thierry
AU - Pühlhofer, Gerd
AU - Pulvirenti, Sara
AU - Rabyang, Omphile
AU - Raffaelli, Fabrizio
AU - Randazzo, Nunzio
AU - Razzaque, Soebur
AU - Real, Diego
AU - Reck, Stefan
AU - Riccobene, Giorgio
AU - Richer, Marc
AU - Rivoire, Stephane
AU - Rovelli, Alberto
AU - Salesa Greus, Francisco
AU - Samtleben, Dorothea Franziska Elisabeth
AU - Losa, Agustin Sánchez
AU - Sanguineti, Matteo
AU - Santangelo, Andrea E.
AU - Santonocito, Domenico
AU - Sapienza, Piera
AU - Schmelling, Jan Willem
AU - Schnabel, Jutta
AU - Schumann, Johannes
AU - Seneca, Jordan
AU - Sgura, Irene
AU - Shanidze, Rezo
AU - Sharma, Ankur
AU - Simeone, Francesco
AU - Sinopoulou, Anna
AU - Spisso, Bernardino
AU - Spurio, Maurizio
AU - Stavropoulos, Dimitris
AU - Steijger, Jos
AU - Stellacci, Simona Maria
AU - Taiuti, Mauro
AU - Tayalati, Yahya
AU - Tenllado, Enrique
AU - Thakore, Tarak
AU - Tingay, Steven
AU - Tzamariudaki, Ekaterini
AU - Tzanetatos, Dimitrios
AU - Van Elewyck, Veronique
AU - Vasileiadis, Georges
AU - Versari, Federico
AU - Viola, Salvo
AU - Vivolo, Daniele
AU - De Wasseige, Gwenhael
AU - Wilms, Joern
AU - Wojaczyński, Rafa
AU - De Wolf, Els
AU - Zaborov, Dmitry
AU - Zavatarelli, Sandra
AU - Zegarelli, Angela
AU - Zito, Daniele
AU - De Dios Zornoza, Juan
AU - Zúñiga, Juan
AU - Zywucka, Natalia
N1 - Publisher Copyright: © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.
PY - 2021/1/1
Y1 - 2021/1/1
N2 - The KM3NeT infrastructure consists of two deep-sea neutrino telescopes being deployed in the Mediterranean Sea. The telescopes will detect extraterrestrial and atmospheric neutrinos by means of the incident photons induced by the passage of relativistic charged particles through the seawater as a consequence of a neutrino interaction. The telescopes are configured in a three-dimensional grid of digital optical modules, each hosting 31 photomultipliers. The photomultiplier signals produced by the incident Cherenkov photons are converted into digital information consisting of the integrated pulse duration and the time at which it surpasses a chosen threshold. The digitization is done by means of time to digital converters (TDCs) embedded in the field programmable gate array of the central logic board. Subsequently, a state machine formats the acquired data for its transmission to shore. We present the architecture and performance of the front-end firmware consisting of the TDCs and the state machine.
AB - The KM3NeT infrastructure consists of two deep-sea neutrino telescopes being deployed in the Mediterranean Sea. The telescopes will detect extraterrestrial and atmospheric neutrinos by means of the incident photons induced by the passage of relativistic charged particles through the seawater as a consequence of a neutrino interaction. The telescopes are configured in a three-dimensional grid of digital optical modules, each hosting 31 photomultipliers. The photomultiplier signals produced by the incident Cherenkov photons are converted into digital information consisting of the integrated pulse duration and the time at which it surpasses a chosen threshold. The digitization is done by means of time to digital converters (TDCs) embedded in the field programmable gate array of the central logic board. Subsequently, a state machine formats the acquired data for its transmission to shore. We present the architecture and performance of the front-end firmware consisting of the TDCs and the state machine.
KW - KM3NeT
KW - acquisition firmware
KW - neutrino telescope
KW - time to digital converters
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85103691598&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1117/1.JATIS.7.1.016001
DO - 10.1117/1.JATIS.7.1.016001
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85103691598
SN - 2329-4124
VL - 7
JO - Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems
JF - Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems
IS - 1
M1 - 016001
ER -