Adoption of E-learning and Development of Critical Thinking: Insights from South African Students

Rapid technological advancements continue to introduce new innovations across various sectors. Recognising their potential, the education sector has notably embraced e-learning technology. Learning in the 21st century requires distinct outcomes, embodied in the 4Cs: collaboration, creativity, communication, and critical thinking (CT). While all four are essential, CT—the ability to think clearly, rationally, and independently—remains a fundamental educational goal. Given the wide-spread adoption of e-learning, it is crucial to examine its impact on the development of CT skills amongst students. This study explored the relationship between e-learning technology adoption and the enhancement of students’ CT skills. Using a quantitative approach, data were collected via a questionnaire from a convenience sample of 60 students with prior e-learning experience. Correlation and regression analyses of the data revealed a strong positive relationship between e-learning adoption and the development of CT skills, though the relationship with problem-solving skills was weaker but still significant. These findings suggest that e-learning adoption significantly supports students’ CT development. The study recommends integrating e-learning models in education to enhance students’ higher-order thinking skills, help overcome social and cultural barriers in learning, and improve educational outcomes.