Adaptations, cultivation and commercial prospects of polar microalgae^*

Polar microalgae are microscopic organisms adapted to survive in cold and extreme habitats such as sea-ice, glaciers, lakes and snow. These microorganisms provide an essential basis as primary food sources in polar ecosystems. Despite their ecological importance, polar microalgae remain relatively unexplored compared to their tropical and temperate counterparts, largely due to the practical challenges of obtaining and maintaining material from the harsh polar environments. However, interest has recently surged due to their specific adaptations and potential for utilization in various fields. This review explores the survival strategies of polar microalgae and their commercial applications in healthcare and other fields. We also consider the processes involved in processing polar microalgae, from cultivation to extraction of bioactive compounds. Our findings highlight a growing need for research in this rapidly evolving field to unlock the potential of polar microalgae in multiple fields.